Financial instruments
The company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 'Basic Financial Instruments' and Section 12 'OtherFinancial Instruments Issues' of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.
Financial instruments are recognised in the company's statement of financial position when the company becomesparty to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Financial assets and liabilities are offset , with the net amounts presented in the financial statements , when thereis alegally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or torealise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Basic financial assets
Basic financial assets, which include trade and other receivables and cash and bank balances, are initially measuredat transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effectiveinterest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measuredat thepresent value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.
Classification of financial liabilities
Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual
arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of thecompany after deducting all of its liabilities.
Basic financial liabilities, including trade and other payables, bank loans, loans from fellow group
companies and preference shares that are classified as debt, are initially recognised at transaction price unless thearrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value of thefuture receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.
Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.
Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course ofbusiness from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year orless. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade payables are recognised initially at transaction priceand subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Equity instruments
Equity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs. Dividendspayable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the discretion of the company.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-termliquid investmentswith original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings incurrent liabilities.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed at the balancesheet date.
Timing differences arise from the inclusion of income and expenses in tax assessments in periods different fromthose in which they are recognised in financial statements. Deferred tax is measured using tax rates and laws that
have been enacted or substantively enacted by the year end and that are expected to apply to the reversal of thetiming difference.
Unrelieved tax losses and other deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that they will
be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits.