Cash and cash equivalents are basic financial assets and include cash in hand, deposits held at call with
banks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank
overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.
1.9 Equity instruments
Equity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of transaction costs.
Dividends payable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the
discretion of the company.
1.10 Deferred tax
Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all timing differences and deferred tax assets are
recognised to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax
liabilities or other future taxable profits. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the timing
difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction
that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the
extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the
asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period
when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the profit and loss
account, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred
tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the company has a legally
enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate
to taxes levied by the same tax authority.