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Registered number: 05392974
Switchware Limited
Director's Report and
Financial Statements
For The Year Ended 31 December 2023
Sterling Young Limited
Contents
Page
Company Information 1
Director's Report 2—3
Independent Auditor's Report 4—7
Profit and Loss Account 8
Balance Sheet 9
Statement of Changes in Equity 10
Notes to the Financial Statements 11—15
Page 1
Company Information
Director Mr Kulaweerasingham Vibushanan
Company Number 05392974
Registered Office 3rd Floor
Walbrook Building 195 Marsh Wall
London
E14 9SG
Auditors Sterling Young Limited
Suite 50
238 Merton High Street
London
SW19 1AU
Page 1
Page 2
Director's Report
The director presents his report and the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2023.
Directors
The director who held office during the year were as follows:
Mr Kulaweerasingham Vibushanan
Statement of Director's Responsibilities
The director is responsible for preparing the Director's Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.
Company law requires the director to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the director has elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law the director must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and of the profit or loss of the company for that period. In preparing the financial statements the director is required to: 
  • select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;
  • make judgments and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;
  • prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the company will continue in business.
The director is responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. He is also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.
The director is responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the corporate and financial information included on the company's website. Legislation in the United Kingdom governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions.
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Statement of Disclosure of Information to Auditors
In the case of each director in office at the date the Director's Report is approved: 
  • so far as the director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the company's auditors are unaware; and
  • they have taken all the steps that they ought to have taken as directors in order to make themselves aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the company's auditors are aware of that information.
Liability Limitation Agreement with Auditor
In accordance with Section 534 of the Companies Act 2006, the company has entered into a liability limitation agreement with its external auditor, Sterling Young Limited 
  • The principal term of the Agreement: The auditor's liability for statutory audit work is limited to three times the audit fee, in respect of any claim arising from or in connection with the audit work.
  • Date of Resolution Approving the Agreement: The liability limitation agreement was approved by the shareholder of the company on August 08, 2024, in accordance with the company’s Articles of Association and relevant provisions of the Companies Act 2006.
  • The limits specified above shall be the maximum amounts for which the auditor, its directors, and employees shall be liable to all persons party to this agreement, and also to any other persons with whom the auditor has agreed the limits, as may rely on the auditor’s work. 
This disclosure is made in compliance with Section 534 of the Companies Act 2006, which mandates the disclosure of the terms of liability limitation agreements.
Small Company Rules
This report has been prepared in accordance with the special provisions relating to companies subject to the small companies regime within Part 15 of the Companies Act 2006.
On behalf of the board
Mr Kulaweerasingham Vibushanan
Director
06/05/2025
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Independent Auditor's Report
Qualified opinion
We have audited the financial statements of Switchware Limited for the year ended 31 December 2023 which comprise the Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet, Statement of Changes of Equity and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice), including FRS 102 - Section 1A for Small Entities "The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland". 
In our opinion except for the effects of the matter described in the Basis for qualified opinion section of our report, the financial statements: 
  • give a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs as at 31 December 2023 and of its profit for the year then ended; 
  • have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice applicable to smaller entities; and 
  • have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006. 
Basis for Qualified Opinion
Regarding the current year's figures and comparative year's figures, we have been unable to obtain sufficient audit evidence relating to the recoverability and existence of the debtors and accuracy and completeness of creditors as it was not possible for management to provide us with sufficient evidence to support: 
  1. The company did not provide confirmation for loans advanced to senior management personnel, with an outstanding balance of £894,999 as at the year end (2022: £858,611), as disclosed in Note 5. This comprises £840,341 (2022: £840,341) included within other debtors due after more than one year, and £54,658 (2022: £18,270) included within other debtors due within one year. Accordingly, we were unable to verify the accuracy and existence of the year-end balance, and to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to assess the recoverability of these amounts. 
  2. the recoverability and existence with respect to amounts owed by group undertakings with a carrying value of £7,683,855 (2022: £7,162,101) (Note 5), as the counterparty's last set of audited financial statements includes a qualification pointing to the fact that the auditors could not obtain sufficient audit evidence with the respect to the recoverability of Amounts owed to group undertakings which will have an significant impact on the amounts owed to group undertakings per these financial statements. 
  3. Completeness of the liability in respect of Regulation 80 amounting to £96,069 (2022:NIL) (Note 6) was not verified due to insufficient information to confirm the obligation of the Company to pay this liability. 
We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC's Ethical Standard and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our qualified opinion.
Material Uncertainty related to Going Concern
In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the director's use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.
We draw attention to note 2.2 in the financial statements, concerning the company's ability to continue as a going concern which includes:  
  •  Reliance on the financial support from the related parties where the financial support is not guaranteed 
These events or conditions indicate that a material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt on the company's ability to continue as a going concern. Our opinion is not modified in respect of this matter. Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report. 
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Other Information
The other information comprises the information included in the annual report, other than the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon. The director is responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.
We have nothing to report in this regard.
Opinions on Other Matters Prescribed by the Companies Act 2006
In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:
  • the information given in the Director's Report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and
  • the Director's Report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.
Matters on Which We Are Required to Report by Exception
In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the company and their environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the directors’ report. 
Matters arising solely from the limitation of our work referred to above:
We have not obtained all the information and explanations that we considered necessary for the purpose of our audit.
We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion: 
  • adequate accounting records have not been kept by the company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or 
  • the company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or 
  • certain disclosures of directors’ remuneration specified by law are not made; or 
  • the directors were not entitled to prepare the financial statements in accordance with the small companies regime and take advantage of the small companies’ exemptions in preparing the directors’ report and from the requirement to prepare a strategic report. 
Responsibilities of Directors
As explained more fully in the Director's Responsibilities Statement set out on page 2—3, the director is responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the director determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the financial statements, the director is responsible for assessing the company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.
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Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements. 
Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below: 
  • We obtained an understanding of the company and the sector in which it operates to identify laws and regulations that could reasonably be expected to have a direct effect on financial statements. We obtained our understanding in this regard through discussions with management, industry research, application of cumulative audit knowledge and experience of the sector. 
  • We determined the principal laws and regulations relevant to the company in this regard to be those arising from Companies Act 2006, relevant financial reporting standards, the Company's constitution and UK taxation legislation. Including those that will have an indirect impact such as Data Protection Act 1996,Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013, Employement Act 2008,Consumer Rights Act 2015,  Bribery Act 2010, Health and Safety Act 1974 and Telecommunication Act 1984 etc.
  • We designed our audit procedures to ensure the audit team considered whether there were any indications of non-compliance by the company with those laws and regulations. These procedures included, but were not limited to: 
                   - Enquiries of management; 
                   - Review of legal correspondence; and 
                   - Review of regulatory correspondence.
                   - Review of current year and post year end journals  
  • We also identified the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements due to fraud. We considered, in addition to the non-rebuttable presumption of a risk of fraud arising from management override of controls, that the potential for management bias was identified in relation to the impairment of related party balances. We addressed this risk by challenging the assumptions and judgements made by management when auditing these significant accounting estimates. 
  • As in all of our audits, we addressed the risk of fraud arising from management override of controls by performing audit procedures which included but were not limited to the testing of journals; reviewing accounting estimates for evidence of bias; and evaluating the business rationale of any significant transactions that are unusual or outside the normal course of business. 
Because of the Inherent limitations of an audit, there is a risk that we will not detect all irregularities, including those leading to a material misstatement in the financial statements or non-compliance with regulation. This risk increases the more that compliance with a law or regulation is removed from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, as we will be less likely to become aware of instances of non-compliance. The risk is also greater regarding Irregularities occurring due to fraud rather than error, as fraud involves intentional concealment, forgery, collusion, omission or misrepresentation.  
A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council's website at: www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our Auditors' Report. 
Use Of Our Report
This report is made solely to the company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company's members those matters that we are required to state to them in an auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company's members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.
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Shoolin GirishKumar Yagnik (Senior Statutory Auditor)
for and on behalf of Sterling Young Limited , Statutory Auditor
06/05/2025
Sterling Young Limited
Suite 50
238 Merton High Street
London
SW19 1AU
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Profit and Loss Account
2023 2022
Notes £ £
TURNOVER 2,839,092 3,203,006
Cost of sales (2,528,238 ) (3,026,242 )
GROSS PROFIT 310,854 176,764
Administrative expenses (180,104 ) (1,547,225 )
OPERATING PROFIT/(LOSS) 130,750 (1,370,461 )
Other interest receivable and similar income 43,470 44,483
PROFIT/(LOSS) FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 174,220 (1,325,978 )
The notes on pages 11 to 15 form part of these financial statements.
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Balance Sheet
2023 2022
Notes £ £ £ £
FIXED ASSETS
Tangible Assets 4 799 1,141
799 1,141
CURRENT ASSETS
Debtors 5 8,595,527 8,036,391
Cash at bank and in hand 3,195 4,203
8,598,722 8,040,594
Creditors: Amounts Falling Due Within One Year 6 (12,715,495 ) (12,331,929 )
NET CURRENT ASSETS (LIABILITIES) (4,116,773 ) (4,291,335 )
TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES (4,115,974 ) (4,290,194 )
NET LIABILITIES (4,115,974 ) (4,290,194 )
CAPITAL AND RESERVES
Called up share capital 7 100 100
Profit and Loss Account (4,116,074 ) (4,290,294 )
SHAREHOLDERS' FUNDS (4,115,974) (4,290,194)
These accounts have been prepared in accordance with the provisions applicable to companies subject to the small companies regime.
On behalf of the board
Mr Kulaweerasingham Vibushanan
Director
06/05/2025
The notes on pages 11 to 15 form part of these financial statements.
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Statement of Changes in Equity
Share Capital Profit and Loss Account Total
£ £ £
As at 1 January 2022 100 (2,964,316 ) (2,964,216)
Loss for the year and total comprehensive income - (1,325,978 ) (1,325,978)
As at 31 December 2022 and 1 January 2023 100 (4,290,294 ) (4,290,194)
Profit for the year and total comprehensive income - 174,220 174,220
As at 31 December 2023 100 (4,116,074 ) (4,115,974)
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Notes to the Financial Statements
1. General Information
Switchware Limited ('the Company') is a private company limited by shares and is incorporated and domiciled in England. The address of its registered office is 3rd Floor Walbrook Building, 195 Marsh Wall, London, E14 9SG.
2. Accounting Policies
2.1. Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements
The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention unless otherwise specified within these accounting policies and in accordance with Section 1A of Financial Reporting Standard 102, the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and the Republic of Ireland and the Companies Act 2006.
The Company's functional and presentational currency is GBP.
2.2. Going Concern Disclosure
The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis; in making their assessment the director has considered a period of not less than 12 months from the date of approval of the balance sheet.
The Company has reported profit for the period of £174,220 (2022: Loss of £1,325,978) and as of 31December 2023, the Company had net liabilities of  £4,115,974 (2022: £4,290,194).
The Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of WWW Holding Company Limited and Mr A Subaskaran owns 98.3% of the issued share capital.
Debtors due within one year include £7,683,855 (2022: £7,162,101) owed by group undertakings. Creditors due within one year include £310,118 (2022: £310,177) to companies in which Mr A Subaskaran owns a substantial shareholding and/or interest therein and £12,161,886 (2022: £11,678,947) owed to group undertakings.
Based on the company's current performance and the forecast, the Company is able to meets its third-party obligations through its normal trading income. Those forecasts show that the Company is expected to generate net income, notably from management charges receivable, but will remain reliant on the net amounts paid / received from related parties. The Company has obtained a letter of support from the Directors of the related party companies to confirm their intention to provide support to Switchware Limited for a period of at least 18 months from the date of approval of these Financial Statements.
The Company is wholly reliant on the financial support from the related party to be able to continue as a going concern. The ability of the related party to provide the required support gives rise to a material uncertainty relating to going concern. However, the financial support is not legaly binding in the court.
These financial statements do not include any adjustments that would be necessary should the going concern assumption not apply.
2.3. Turnover
Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured. Revenue is measured as the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, excluding discounts, rebates, value added tax and other sales taxes. Revenue comprises the supply of staff and other support services to related parties and is recognised when the service is provided.
2.4. Tangible Fixed Assets and Depreciation
Tangible fixed assets under the cost model are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
Depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of assets less their residual value over their estimated useful lives, using the straight-line method.
Depreciation is provided on the following basis:
Computer Equipment 25%
The assets' residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted prospectively if appropriate, or if there is an indication of a significant change since the last reporting date.
Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognised in profit or loss.
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2.5. Financial Instruments
The Company only enters into basic financial instrument transactions that result in trade and other debtors and creditors, and loans to employees.
Debt instruments (other than those wholly repayable or receivable within one year), including loans and other accounts receivable and payable, are initially measured at present value of the future cash flows and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Debt instruments that are payable or receivable within one year, typically trade debtors and creditors, are measured, initially and subsequently, at the undiscounted amount of the cash or other consideration expected to be paid or received. However, if the arrangements of a short-term instrument constitute a financing transaction, like the payment of a trade debt deferred beyond normal business terms or in case of an out-right short-term loan that is not at market rate, the financial asset or liability is measured, initially at the present value of future cash flows discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument and subsequently at amortised cost, unless it qualifies as a loan from a director in the case of a small company.
Financial assets that are measured at cost and amortised cost are assessed at the end of each reporting period for objective evidence of impairment. If objective evidence of impairment is found, an impairment loss is recognised in the profit or loss.
For financial assets measured at amortised cost, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the asset's original effective interest rate. If a financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the contract.
For financial assets measured at cost less impairment, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an asset's carrying amount and best estimate of the recoverable amount, which is an approximation of the amount that the Company would receive for the asset if it were to be sold at the balance sheet date.
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the Balance Sheet when there is an enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Interest income
Interest income is recognised in profit or loss using the effective interest method.
Debtors
Short-term debtors are measured at transaction price, less any impairment. Loans receivable are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment.
Creditors
Short term creditors are measured at the transaction price. Other financial liabilities, are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash is represented by cash in hand and deposits with financial institutions repayable without penalty on notice of not more than 24 hours. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that mature in no more than three months from the date of acquisition and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with insignificant risk of change in value.
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2.6. Foreign Currencies
Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the spot exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.
At each period end foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate. Non- monetary items measured at historical cost are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction and non-monetary items measured at fair value are measured using the exchange rate when fair value was determined.
Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of transactions and from the translation at period-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in profit or loss except when deferred in other comprehensive income as qualifying cash fiow hedges.
Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings and cash and cash equivalents are presented in the profit or loss within 'finance income or costs'. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in profit or loss within 'administrative expenses'.
2.7. Taxation
Tax is recognised in profit or loss except that a charge attributable to an item of income and expense recognised as other comprehensive income or to an item recognised directly in equity is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.
The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company operates and generates income.
Deferred tax balances are recognized in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed by the Balance sheet date, except that:
  • The recognition of deferred tax assets is limited to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits; and
  • Any deferred tax balances are reversed if and when all conditions for retaining associated tax allowances have been met.
Deferred tax balances are not recognized in respect of permanent differences except in respect of business combinations, when deferred tax is recognized on the differences between the fair values of assets acquired and the future tax deductions available for them and the differences between the fair values of liabilities acquired and the amount that will be assessed for tax. Deferred tax is determined using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
2.8. Pensions
Defined contribution pension plan
The Company operates a defined contribution plan for its employees. A defined contribution plan is a pension plan under which the Company pays fixed contributions into a separate entity. Once the contributions have been paid the Company has no further payment obligations.
The contributions are recognised as an expense in profit or loss when they fall due. Amounts not paid are shown in accruals as a liability in the Balance Sheet. The assets of the plan are held separately from the Company in independently administered funds.
3. Average Number of Employees
Average number of employees, including director, during the year was: 31 (2022: 30)
31 30
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4. Tangible Assets
Computer Equipment
£
Cost
As at 1 January 2023 1,345
As at 31 December 2023 1,345
Depreciation
As at 1 January 2023 204
Provided during the period 342
As at 31 December 2023 546
Net Book Value
As at 31 December 2023 799
As at 1 January 2023 1,141
5. Debtors
2023 2022
£ £
Due within one year
Amounts owed by group undertakings 7,683,855 7,162,101
Other debtors 71,331 33,949
7,755,186 7,196,050
Due after more than one year
Other debtors 840,341 840,341
8,595,527 8,036,391
Amounts owed by group undertakings and related parties are interest free and repayable on demand.
Other debtors due after more than one year is discounted using effective interest rate of 8%.
Other debtors include an amount of £272,153 (discounted value) receivable from key managerial personnel. The loan is interest-free and is contractually repayable over a period of 25 years.
6. Creditors: Amounts Falling Due Within One Year
2023 2022
£ £
Trade creditors - 457
Amounts owed to group undertakings 12,161,886 11,678,947
Amounts owed to participating interests 310,118 310,177
Other creditors 69,174 39,300
Taxation and social security 174,317 303,048
12,715,495 12,331,929
Amounts owed to group undertakings and related parties are interest free and repayable on demand.
7. Share Capital
2023 2022
£ £
Allotted, Called up and fully paid 100 100
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8. Pension Commitments
The Company operates a defined contributions pension scheme. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the Company in an independently administered fund. The pension cost charge represents contributions payable by the Company to the fund and amounted to £39,518 (2022: £44,924). Contributions totalling £7,589 (2022: £7,636) were payable to the fund at the balance sheet date and are included in creditors.
9. Ultimate Parent Undertaking and Controlling Party
The company's immediate and ultimate parent undertaking is WWW Holding Company Limited . WWW Holding Company Limited was incorporated in England, Wales. Copies of the group accounts may be obtained from the secretary, 3rd Floor Walbrook Building, 195 Marsh Wall, London, E14 9SG
10. Auditor Liability Limitation
The company has entered into a liability limitation agreement with Sterling Young Ltd, the statutory auditor, in respect of the statutory audit for the period ended 31 December 2023. The proportionate liability agreement follows the standard terms in Appendix B to the Financial Reporting Council's June 2008 Guidance on Auditor Liability Agreements, and was approved by the shareholder on 8 August 2024. 
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