Basic financial assets
Basic financial assets, which include trade and other receivables and cash and bank balances, are initially
measured at transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the
effective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is
measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.
Classification of financial liabilities
Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual
arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of
the company after deducting all of its liabilities.
Basic financial liabilities, including trade and other payables, bank loans, loans from fellow group
companies and preference shares that are classified as debt, are initially recognised at transaction price unless the
arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the
future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.
Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.
Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of
business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or
less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade payables are recognised initially at transaction
price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Equity instruments
Equity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.
Dividends payable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the discretion of
the company.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid
investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown
within borrowings in current liabilities
Going concern
The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis. The company has obtained undertakings from its shareholders that they will continue to support the company for the foreseeable future and meet all third party liabilities as they fall due. Given this undertaking, the directors consider it appropriate to adopt a going concern basis in preparing the financial statements.
Foreign currencies
Assets and liabilities in foreign currencies are translated into EURO at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into EURO at the rate of exchange ruling at the date of transaction. Exchange differences are taken into account in arriving at the operating result.