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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
2.Accounting policies (continued)
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Financial instruments (continued)
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For financial assets measured at amortised cost, the impairment loss is measured as the difference
between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the
asset's original effective interest rate. If the financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discount
rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the
contract.
If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was
recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is such that the current carrying amount does
not exceed what the carrying amount would have been had the impairment not previously been
recognised. The impairment reversal is recognised in profit or loss.
Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities
Financial assets are derecognised when (a) the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset
expire or are settled, or (b) substantially all the risks and rewards of the ownership of the asset are
transferred to another party or (c) despite having retained some significant risks and rewards of
ownership, control of the asset has been transferred to another party who has the practical ability to
unilaterally sell the asset to an unrelated third party without imposing additional restrictions.
Financial liabilities are derecognised when the liability is extinguished, that is when the contractual
obligation is discharged, cancelled or expires.
Offsetting of financial assets and financial liabilities
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when
there is an enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a
net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
The Company only enters into basic financial instrument transactions that result in the recognition of
financial assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors and creditors, loans from banks and other
third parties, loans to related parties and investments in ordinary shares.
Debt instruments (other than those wholly repayable or receivable within one year), including loans
and other accounts receivable and payable, are initially measured at present value of the future cash
flows and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Debt instruments that
are payable or receivable within one year, typically trade debtors and creditors, are measured, initially
and subsequently, at the undiscounted amount of the cash or other consideration expected to be paid
or received. However, if the arrangements of a short-term instrument constitute a financing
transaction, like the payment of a trade debt deferred beyond normal business terms or in case of an
out-right short-term loan that is not at market rate, the financial asset or liability is measured, initially
at the present value of future cash flows discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt
instrument and subsequently at amortised cost, unless it qualifies as a loan from a director in the
case of a small company, or a public benefit entity concessionary loan.
For financial assets measured at amortised cost, the impairment loss is measured as the difference
between an asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the
asset's original effective interest rate. If a financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discount rate
for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the
contract.
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