Company registration number 14926427 (England and Wales)
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
COMPANY INFORMATION
Directors
D Biggs
Z Bham
S Blake
R Chunn
M Clarke
Company number
14926427
Registered office
5th & 6th Floor
16 Eastcheap
London
England
EC3M 1BD
Auditor
Kingswood LLP
3 Coldbath Square
London
EC1R 5HL
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
CONTENTS
Page
Strategic report
1 - 4
Directors' report
5
Directors' responsibilities statement
6
Independent auditor's report
7 - 9
Group statement of comprehensive income
10
Group balance sheet
11
Company balance sheet
12
Group statement of changes in equity
13
Company statement of changes in equity
14
Group statement of cash flows
15
Notes to the financial statements
16 - 32
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
STRATEGIC REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 1 -

The directors present the strategic report for the year ended 31 December 2024.

Review of the business

Privalgo continues to strengthen its position as a trusted financial partner for international businesses with advanced financial operations. Our focus remains on supporting clients whose payment and FX needs extend beyond the capabilities of off-the-shelf platforms or traditional financial institutions.

 

In an industry landscape that remains both competitive and highly regulated, we have continued to invest in the infrastructure, expertise and relationships that enable us to deliver flexible, reliable, and intelligent financial solutions. These commitments have been reflected in the Group’s performance. Net Trading Revenue to April 2025 exceeded the current-year budget by 18%, and prior year actuals by 62%.

 

Notable areas of strategic focus include the following:

 

 

 

 

 

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 2 -
Financial key performance indicators

The Group monitors its progress by reference to a number of KPI's, including the following financial KPI's:

 

The results of the Group for the year, as set out in the profit and loss account, show a profit before tax for the year of £835,982 (2023: £2,343,070). Turnover was £15,486,751 (2023: £15,523,225) which reflects the strong performance of the business during the year.

 

Further financial KPI's include:

 

Total transaction value

Dec 24: £3,840,695,878

Dec 23: £2,263,431,474

 

Net trading income

Dec 24: £15,486,751

Dec 23: £15,523,225

 

Gross margin

Dec 24: 48.3%

Dec 23: 52.1%

 

EBITDA

Dec 24: -£1,451,604

Dec 23: £829,844

 

Net assets

Dec 24: £2,913,047

Dec 23: £3,240,547

 

It is worth noting that the Group is entering a pronounced scale-up phase as a result of the strongly positive traction it has established during the first five years of its operations. As it transitions into scale-up, EBITDA may reduce as a greater share of operating profits is reinvested into the business.

Non-financial key performance indicators
The following non-financial KPI's are also monitored by the Group. The figures presented are year on year movements between December 2023 and December 2024.

Staff numbers increase: 14% (2022 to 2023: 23%)

Client numbers increase: 30% (2022 to 2023: 13%)
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 3 -
Principal risks and uncertainties

Operational risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from failed or inadequate internal processes or systems, human error or other factors. The risk is managed by the directors who have responsibility for putting in place appropriate controls for the business. The Group makes use of external consultants where necessary to monitor the effectiveness of the controls.

 

Foreign exchange risk

The Group maintains bank accounts for the receipt and delivery of client funds. Trades with the broker counterparty are undertaken seamlessly in order to avoid any unnecessary exposure to foreign exchange market movements. No cash transactions are completed with the broker counterparty without the client funds first received.

 

Credit risk

Credit risk arises when a client fails to put forward the funds to complete their transacted foreign currency contracts. The Group mitigates this with a requirement for deposit down payments on certain clients and trades and making margin calls to clients to cover adverse currency movements on a market to market basis.

 

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk arises from the management of working capital, where the Group is unable to meet its financial obligations when they fall due. This could occur in a situation where credit facilities have been overextended to clients who cannot meet their margin requirements with respect to their outstanding forward positions.

 

Future developments

The Group intends to sustain the levels of its investments into its technology platform and risk-management framework and accelerate its progress towards achieving a level of quality and functional capability that can be acknowledged as industry-leading. Indeed, the Group has already demonstrated exceptional capabilities within these key areas to its external stakeholders. This, coupled with our continued focus on delivering the highest-quality service to customers and counterparties, will continue to sustain current growth rates and result in a persistent and meaningful increase to our Group valuation over the next five years.

Energy and carbon report

In the year ended 31 December 2024, the Group is classified as a low energy user as its total energy usage for the year to 31 December 2024 is below 40,000kWh. Therefore the Group is exempt from providing an energy and carbon report under section 20D(7a) of The Companies (Directors' Report) and Limited Liability Partnerships (Energy and Carbon Report) Regulations 2018.

Section 172 Statement

The directors of the Group are mindful of their responsibilities under section 172 of the Companies Act 2006 to promote the success of the business through operating in accordance with good corporate practice and with considered engagement with the Group's stakeholders.

 

At the year end, 80% of the Group's ultimate shareholders were also directors of the Group, and are therefore actively involved in all key decision-making.

 

The board of directors regularly review and identify other principal stakeholders of the business, and decisions in respect of the Group's activities are made only after reviewing, and discussing, the potential impact on those stakeholders.

 

The directors continue to foster open and constructive engagement with the employees of the business in order to fairly represent the views of the workforce in matters affecting their interests.

 

Furthermore, in terms of engagement with the Group's counterparty suppliers, the directors continue to actively monitor ethical standards, employment conditions and environmental issues to ensure that the wider business in compliant with global standards.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 4 -

On behalf of the board

D Biggs
Director
4 September 2025
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
DIRECTORS' REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 5 -

The directors present their annual report and financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2024.

Principal activities

The principal activity of the company continued to be that of a holding company.

Results and dividends

The results for the year are set out on page 10.

No ordinary dividends were paid. The directors do not recommend payment of a further dividend.

Directors

The directors who held office during the year and up to the date of signature of the financial statements were as follows:

D Biggs
Z Bham
(Appointed 4 April 2024)
S Blake
(Appointed 15 February 2024)
R Chunn
(Appointed 4 April 2024)
M Clarke
(Appointed 4 April 2024)
Energy and carbon report

As the group has not consumed more than 40,000 kWh of energy in this reporting period, it qualifies as a low energy user under these regulations and is not required to report on its emissions, energy consumption or energy efficiency activities.

Statement of disclosure to auditor

So far as each person who was a director at the date of approving this report is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the auditor of the company is unaware. Additionally, the directors individually have taken all the necessary steps that they ought to have taken as directors in order to make themselves aware of all relevant audit information and to establish that the auditor of the company is aware of that information.

Matters covered by the Strategic report

As permitted by s.414c(11) of the Companies Act 2006, the directors have elected to disclose information, required to be in the directors' report by Schedule 7 of the 'Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008', in the strategic report.

On behalf of the board
D Biggs
Director
4 September 2025
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 6 -

The directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

 

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the group and company, and of the profit or loss of the group for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

 

 

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the group’s and company’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the group and company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the group and company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT
TO THE MEMBERS OF PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
- 7 -
Opinion

We have audited the financial statements of Privalgo Holdings Ltd (the 'parent company') and its subsidiaries (the 'group') for the year ended 31 December 2024 which comprise the group statement of comprehensive income, the group balance sheet, the company balance sheet, the group statement of changes in equity, the company statement of changes in equity, the group statement of cash flows and notes to the financial statements, including significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the group and parent company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

 

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the group's and parent company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

 

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Other information

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report other than the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.

 

We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of our audit:

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT (CONTINUED)
TO THE MEMBERS OF PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
- 8 -
Matters on which we are required to report by exception

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the group and the parent company and their environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the strategic report or the directors' report.

 

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

Responsibilities of directors

As explained more fully in the directors' responsibilities statement, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the parent company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the parent company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud, is detailed below.

We assessed the susceptibility of the company's financial statements to material misstatement, including obtaining an understanding of how fraud might occur, by:

 

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT (CONTINUED)
TO THE MEMBERS OF PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
- 9 -

To address the risk of fraud through management bias and override of controls, we:

 

 

In response to the risk of irregularities and non-compliance with laws and regulations, we designed procedures which included, but were not limited to:

 

 

There are inherent limitations in our audit procedures described above. The more removed that laws and regulations are from financial transactions, the less likely it is that we would become aware of non-compliance. Auditing standards also limit the audit procedures required to identify non-compliance with laws and regulations to enquiry of the director and other management and the inspection of regulatory and legal correspondence, if any.

 

Material misstatements that arise due to fraud can be harder to detect than those that arise from error as they may involve deliberate concealment or collusion.

A further description of our responsibilities is available on the Financial Reporting Council’s website at: https://www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our auditor's report.

Use of our report

This report is made solely to the company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

Richard Behan FCA (Senior Statutory Auditor)
For and on behalf of Kingswood LLP, Statutory Auditor
Chartered Accountants
3 Coldbath Square
London
EC1R 5HL
4 September 2025
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
GROUP STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 10 -
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
Turnover
3
15,486,751
15,523,225
Cost of sales
(8,001,619)
(7,427,467)
Gross profit
7,485,132
8,095,758
Administrative expenses
(9,119,397)
(7,361,011)
Operating (loss)/profit
4
(1,634,265)
734,747
Interest receivable and similar income
8
2,721,635
1,857,816
Interest payable and similar expenses
9
(251,388)
(249,493)
Profit before taxation
835,982
2,343,070
Tax on profit
10
(279,029)
(503,113)
Profit for the financial year
22
556,953
1,839,957
There are no items of other comprehensive income for either the year or the prior year other than the profit for the year. Accordingly, no statement of other comprehensive income has been presented.
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
GROUP BALANCE SHEET
AS AT
31 DECEMBER 2024
31 December 2024
- 11 -
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
£
£
Fixed assets
Intangible assets
11
141,078
170,293
Tangible assets
12
490,035
377,413
631,113
547,706
Current assets
Debtors
15
67,801,276
68,662,399
Cash at bank and in hand
90,772,604
68,439,115
158,573,880
137,101,514
Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
17
(155,182,590)
(133,331,355)
Net current assets
3,391,290
3,770,159
Total assets less current liabilities
4,022,403
4,317,865
Creditors: amounts falling due after more than one year
18
(1,000,000)
(1,000,000)
Provisions for liabilities
Deferred tax liability
19
109,356
77,318
(109,356)
(77,318)
Net assets
2,913,047
3,240,547
Capital and reserves
Called up share capital
21
628,239
600,282
Profit and loss reserves
22
2,284,808
2,640,265
Total equity
2,913,047
3,240,547
The financial statements were approved by the board of directors and authorised for issue on 4 September 2025 and are signed on its behalf by:
04 September 2025
D Biggs
Director
Company registration number 14926427 (England and Wales)
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
COMPANY BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2024
31 December 2024
- 12 -
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
£
£
Fixed assets
Investments
13
600,091
-
0
Current assets
Debtors
15
317,738
-
0
Cash at bank and in hand
-
0
1
317,738
1
Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
17
(289,590)
-
Net current assets
28,148
1
Net assets
628,239
1
Capital and reserves
Called up share capital
21
628,239
1

As permitted by s408 Companies Act 2006, the company has not presented its own profit and loss account and related notes. The company’s profit for the year was £0 (2023 - £0 profit).

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions relating to medium-sized companies.

The financial statements were approved by the board of directors and authorised for issue on 4 September 2025 and are signed on its behalf by:
04 September 2025
D Biggs
Director
Company registration number 14926427 (England and Wales)
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
GROUP STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 13 -
Share capital
Profit and loss reserves
Total
Notes
£
£
£
Balance at 1 January 2023
600,282
1,182,689
1,782,971
Year ended 31 December 2023:
Profit and total comprehensive income
-
1,839,957
1,839,957
Dividends
-
(382,200)
(382,200)
Other movements
-
(181)
(181)
Balance at 31 December 2023
600,282
2,640,265
3,240,547
Year ended 31 December 2024:
Profit and total comprehensive income
-
556,953
556,953
Issue of share capital
21
27,957
-
27,957
Dividends
-
(912,600)
(912,600)
Other movements
-
190
190
Balance at 31 December 2024
628,239
2,284,808
2,913,047
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
COMPANY STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 14 -
Share capital
Notes
£
Balance at 1 January 2023
-
0
Year ended 31 December 2023:
Profit and total comprehensive income for the year
-
Issue of share capital
21
1
Balance at 31 December 2023
1
Year ended 31 December 2024:
Profit and total comprehensive income
-
Issue of share capital
21
628,238
Balance at 31 December 2024
628,239
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
GROUP STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 15 -
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
£
£
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash generated from/(absorbed by) operations
1
21,558,618
(27,189,893)
Interest paid
(251,388)
(249,493)
Income taxes paid
(292,025)
(288,623)
Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities
21,015,205
(27,728,009)
Investing activities
Purchase of intangible assets
-
(45,429)
Purchase of tangible fixed assets
(268,132)
(364,888)
Repayment of loans
-
7,490
Interest received
2,721,635
1,875,816
Net cash generated from investing activities
2,453,503
1,472,989
Financing activities
Repayment of borrowings
(250,576)
(249,493)
Issue of ordinary shares
27,957
(10,761)
Dividends paid to equity shareholders
(912,600)
(382,200)
Net cash used in financing activities
(1,135,219)
(642,454)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
22,333,489
(26,897,474)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
68,439,115
95,336,589
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
90,772,604
68,439,115
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
GROUP STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 16 -
1
Cash generated from/(absorbed by) group operations
2024
2023
£
£
Profit for the year after tax
556,953
1,839,957
Adjustments for:
Taxation charged
279,029
503,113
Finance costs
251,388
267,493
Investment income
(2,721,635)
(1,875,816)
Loss on disposal of tangible fixed assets
2,062
-
Amortisation and impairment of intangible assets
29,215
29,226
Depreciation and impairment of tangible fixed assets
153,446
65,871
Movements in working capital:
Decrease/(increase) in debtors
872,732
(11,680,013)
Increase/(decrease) in creditors
(316,773)
15,264,323
Increase/(decrease) in client creditors
22,200,814
(31,604,047)
Cash generated from/(absorbed by) operations
21,307,231
(27,189,893)
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 17 -
2
Accounting policies
Company information

Privalgo Holdings Ltd (“the company”) is a private limited company limited by shares incorporated in England and Wales. The registered office is 5th & 6th Floor, 16 Eastcheap, London, England, EC3M 1BD.

 

The group consists of Privalgo Holdings Ltd and all of its subsidiaries.

2.1
Accounting convention

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with FRS 102 “The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland” (“FRS 102”) and the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

The financial statements are prepared in sterling, which is the functional currency of the company. Monetary amounts in these financial statements are rounded to the nearest £.

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention. The principal accounting policies adopted are set out below.

2.2
Basis of consolidation

The consolidated group financial statements consist of the financial statements of the parent company Privalgo Holdings Ltd together with all entities controlled by the parent company (its subsidiaries) and the group’s share of its interests in joint ventures and associates.

 

All financial statements are made up to 31 December 2024. Where necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring the accounting policies used into line with those used by other members of the group.

 

All intra-group transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated on consolidation. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred.

A subsidiary is an entity controlled by the group. Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. Control is presumed to exist when the parent owns 50% or more of the voting power of an entity or controls that entity by virtue of and agreement with other investors which give control of the financial and operating policies of the entity. When these conditions are met the Group accounts for that entity as a subsidiary.

 

For the company, its subsidiaries were acquired by virtue of share for share exchanges. All conditions per FRS 102 section 19 paragraph 27 were met and therefore merger accounting has been used to consolidate the subsidiaries. To that end, these financial statements consolidate both the current and prior year trading activities and balance sheet positions of the subsidiaries as if they have always existed as a group.

Entities in which the group holds an interest and which are jointly controlled by the group and one or more other venturers under a contractual arrangement are treated as joint ventures. Entities other than subsidiary undertakings or joint ventures, in which the group has a participating interest and over whose operating and financial policies the group exercises a significant influence, are treated as associates.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
2
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 18 -

Investments in joint ventures and associates are carried in the group balance sheet at cost plus post-acquisition changes in the group’s share of the net assets of the entity, less any impairment in value. The carrying values of investments in joint ventures and associates include acquired goodwill.

 

If the group’s share of losses in a joint venture or associate equals or exceeds its investment in the joint venture or associate, the group does not recognise further losses unless it has incurred obligations to do so or has made payments on behalf of the joint venture or associate.

 

Unrealised gains arising from transactions with joint ventures and associates are eliminated to the extent of the group’s interest in the entity.

2.3
Going concern

At the time of approving the financial statements, the directors have a reasonable expectation that the group has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Thus the directors continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements.

2.4
Turnover

Turnover comprises foreign exchange income and transaction charge income.

 

Foreign exchange income is recognised based on the difference between the values the company can buy and sell the foreign currency for in respect of spot contracts, forward contracts, options, contract for differences and non-deliverable forwards, together with any premiums received for providing these contracts.

 

The following criteria must be met before turnover is recognised.

 

Turnover is recognised after receiving the client's authorisation to undertake the currency transaction for immediate or forward delivery, and after the transaction has been processed and internally verified by the Company.

 

Where the Company enters into contracts for forward deliver of foreign currency with its clients, the Company also enters into separate matched forward contracts with its brokers.

 

Where contracts for forward deliver are open at the year end, the balance of contracts due from the client at maturity is included in debtors and the corresponding liability within the Company's brokers is included creditors.

 

Transaction charge income is recognised upon the processing and transmitting of payment services and financial transactions.

2.5
Intangible fixed assets other than goodwill

Intangible assets acquired separately from a business are recognised at cost and are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

 

Intangible assets acquired on business combinations are recognised separately from goodwill at the acquisition date where it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the entity and the fair value of the asset can be measured reliably; the intangible asset arises from contractual or other legal rights; and the intangible asset is separable from the entity.

Amortisation is recognised so as to write off the cost or valuation of assets less their residual values over their useful lives on the following bases:

Development costs
10 years straight line
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
2
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 19 -
2.6
Tangible fixed assets

Tangible fixed assets under the cost model are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and any

accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the

asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by

management.

Depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of assets less their residual value over their estimated

useful lives, using the straight-line method. Depreciation is provided on the following basis:

 

Leasehold imporvements
Over the life of the lease
Fixtures and fittings
2-5 years straight line

The assets' residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted prospectively if

appropriate, or if there is an indication of a significant change since the last reporting date.

 

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are

recognised in profit or loss.

2.7
Fixed asset investments

Equity investments are measured at fair value through profit or loss, except for those equity investments that are not publicly traded and whose fair value cannot otherwise be measured reliably, which are recognised at cost less impairment until a reliable measure of fair value becomes available.

 

In the parent company financial statements, investments in subsidiaries, associates and jointly controlled entities are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses.

2.8
Impairment of fixed assets

At each reporting period end date, the group reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

 

The carrying amount of the investments accounted for using the equity method is tested for impairment as a single asset. Any goodwill included in the carrying amount of the investment is not tested separately for impairment.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

 

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
2
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 20 -

Recognised impairment losses are reversed if, and only if, the reasons for the impairment loss have ceased to apply. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.

2.9
Cash and cash equivalents

Cash is represented by cash in hand and deposits with financial institutions repayable without penalty on notice of not more than 24 hours. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that mature in no more than three months from the date of acquisition and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with insignificant risk of change in value.

 

In the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents are shown net of bank overdrafts that are repayable in demand and form an integral part of the company's cash management.

2.10
Financial instruments

The group has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments’ and Section 12 ‘Other Financial Instruments Issues’ of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.

 

Financial instruments are recognised in the group's balance sheet when the group becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

 

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amounts presented in the financial statements when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Basic financial assets

Basic financial assets, which include debtors and cash and bank balances, are initially measured at transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial assets classified as receivable within one year are not amortised.

Impairment of financial assets

Financial assets, other than those held at fair value through profit and loss, are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting end date.

 

Financial assets are impaired where there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows have been affected. If an asset is impaired, the impairment loss is the difference between the carrying amount and the present value of the estimated cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. The impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.

 

If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is such that the current carrying amount does not exceed what the carrying amount would have been, had the impairment not previously been recognised. The impairment reversal is recognised in profit or loss.

Derecognition of financial assets

Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or are settled, or when the group transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity, or if some significant risks and rewards of ownership are retained but control of the asset has transferred to another party that is able to sell the asset in its entirety to an unrelated third party.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
2
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 21 -
Classification of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the group after deducting all of its liabilities.

Basic financial liabilities

Basic financial liabilities, including trade and other creditors, are initially recognised at transaction price unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the future payments discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial liabilities classified as payable within one year are not amortised.

 

Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.

 

Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Amounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are recognised initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are derecognised when the group's contractual obligations expire or are discharged or cancelled.

2.11
Equity instruments

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new ordinary

shares or options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

 

Equity dividends are recognised when they become legally payable. Interim equity dividends are recognised

when paid. Final equity dividends are recognised when approved by the shareholders at an annual general

meeting.

2.12
Taxation

The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax expense for the year comprises current and deferred tax. The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the profit and loss account because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The group’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting end date.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
2
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 22 -
Deferred tax

Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all timing differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the timing difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.

 

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the profit and loss account, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if, and only if, there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.

2.13
Employee benefits

The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be recognised as part of the cost of stock or fixed assets.

 

The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee’s services are received.

 

Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.

2.14
Defined contribution pension plan
The Company operates a defined contribution plan for its employees. A defined contribution plan is a pension plan under which the company pays fixed contributions into a separate entitiy. Once the contributions have been paid the Company has no further payment obligations.

The contributions are recognised as an expense in profit or loss when they fall due. Amounts not paid are shown in accruals as a liability in the balance sheet. The assets of the plan are held separately from the Company in independently administered funds.
2.15
Leases

Rentals payable under operating leases, including any lease incentives received, are charged to profit or loss on a straight line basis over the term of the relevant lease except where another more systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the leased asset are consumed.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
2
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 23 -
2.16
Foreign exchange

 

Functional and presentation currency

The Company's functional and presentational currency is Sterling (£).

 

Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the spot exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

At each year end, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate. Non-monetary items measured at historical cost are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction and nonmonetary items measured at fair value are measured using the exchange rate when fair value was

determined.

 

Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of transactions and from the translation at year-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in profit or loss except when deferred in other comprehensive income as qualifying cash flow hedges.

 

Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings and cash and cash equivalents and all other

foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the profit and loss account within 'profit or loss on foreign exchange' within administrative expenses.

2.17

Interest income

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

2.18

Borrowing costs

All borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3
Turnover and other revenue
2024
2023
£
£
Turnover analysed by class of business
Profit on foreign exchange trades
8,743,927
10,726,013
Processing fees
6,672,747
4,325,825
Option premium
70,077
471,387
15,486,751
15,523,225
2024
2023
£
£
Other revenue
Interest income
2,721,635
1,857,816

All turnover arose within the United Kingdom.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 24 -
4
Operating (loss)/profit
2024
2023
£
£
Operating (loss)/profit for the year is stated after charging:
Exchange losses
84,960
58,233
Depreciation of owned tangible fixed assets
153,446
65,871
Loss on disposal of tangible fixed assets
2,107
-
Amortisation of intangible assets
29,215
29,226
Operating lease charges
492,147
162,237
5
Auditor's remuneration
2024
2023
Fees payable to the company's auditor and associates:
£
£
For audit services
Audit of the financial statements of the group and company
10,000
-
Audit of the financial statements of the company's subsidiaries
60,000
51,520
70,000
51,520
For other services
Other assurance services
27,000
12,500
6
Employees

The average monthly number of persons (including directors) employed by the group and company during the year was:

Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
Number
Number
Number
Number
Admin
39
33
-
-
Sales
18
16
-
-
Directors
6
5
4
1
Total
63
54
4
1
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
6
Employees
(Continued)
- 25 -

Their aggregate remuneration comprised:

Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
£
£
£
£
Wages and salaries
7,022,833
6,707,990
-
0
-
0
Social security costs
826,650
835,663
-
-
Pension costs
62,320
50,677
-
0
-
0
7,911,803
7,594,330
-
0
-
0
7
Directors' remuneration
2024
2023
£
£
Remuneration for qualifying services
1,535,388
1,368,393
Company pension contributions to defined contribution schemes
16,670
14,528
1,552,058
1,382,921
Remuneration disclosed above includes the following amounts paid to the highest paid director:
2024
2023
£
£
Remuneration for qualifying services
450,000
483,333
Company pension contributions to defined contribution schemes
1,321
1,321
8
Interest receivable and similar income
2024
2023
£
£
Interest income
Interest on bank deposits
2,347,946
1,857,816
Other interest income
373,689
-
Total income
2,721,635
1,857,816
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 26 -
9
Interest payable and similar expenses
2024
2023
£
£
Interest on financial liabilities measured at amortised cost:
Interest on bank overdrafts and loans
997
146
Other interest on financial liabilities
249,579
249,347
250,576
249,493
Other finance costs:
Other interest
812
-
Total finance costs
251,388
249,493
10
Taxation
2024
2023
£
£
Current tax
UK corporation tax on profits for the current period
259,411
431,568
Adjustments in respect of prior periods
(12,420)
-
0
Total current tax
246,991
431,568
Deferred tax
Origination and reversal of timing differences
32,038
71,545
Total tax charge
279,029
503,113

The actual charge for the year can be reconciled to the expected charge for the year based on the profit or loss and the standard rate of tax as follows:

2024
2023
£
£
Profit before taxation
835,982
2,343,070
Expected tax charge based on the standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of 25.00% (2023: 23.50%)
222,428
550,702
Tax effect of expenses that are not deductible in determining taxable profit
33,355
10,152
Capital allowances for the year in excess of depreciation
35,666
(4,507)
Tax effect of utilisation of tax losses not previously recognised
-
(12,243)
Adjustments in respect of prior years
(12,420)
-
Effect of change in corporation tax rate
-
18,021
Research and development tax credit
-
0
(59,012)
Taxation charge
279,029
503,113
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 27 -
11
Intangible fixed assets
Group
Development costs
£
Cost
At 1 January 2024 and 31 December 2024
292,153
Amortisation and impairment
At 1 January 2024
121,860
Amortisation charged for the year
29,215
At 31 December 2024
151,075
Carrying amount
At 31 December 2024
141,078
At 31 December 2023
170,293
The company had no intangible fixed assets at 31 December 2024 or 31 December 2023.

Computer software represents a platform that allows the group's customers to carry out foreign currency transfers and forward exchange transactions. The asset has a remaining amortisation period of approximately 5 years.

12
Tangible fixed assets
Group
Leasehold imporvements
Fixtures and fittings
Total
£
£
£
Cost
At 1 January 2024
429,506
229,096
658,602
Additions
108,201
159,931
268,132
Disposals
(92,958)
(43,776)
(136,734)
At 31 December 2024
444,749
345,251
790,000
Depreciation and impairment
At 1 January 2024
92,958
188,187
281,145
Depreciation charged in the year
71,685
81,761
153,446
Eliminated in respect of disposals
(92,958)
(41,668)
(134,626)
At 31 December 2024
71,685
228,280
299,965
Carrying amount
At 31 December 2024
373,064
116,971
490,035
At 31 December 2023
337,049
40,364
377,413
The company had no tangible fixed assets at 31 December 2024 or 31 December 2023.
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 28 -
13
Fixed asset investments
Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
£
£
Investments in subsidiaries
14
-
0
-
0
600,091
-
0
Movements in fixed asset investments
Company
Shares in subsidiaries
£
Cost or valuation
At 1 January 2024
-
Additions
600,091
At 31 December 2024
600,091
Carrying amount
At 31 December 2024
600,091
At 31 December 2023
-
14
Subsidiaries

Details of the company's subsidiaries at 31 December 2024 are as follows:

Name of undertaking
Registered office
Class of
% Held
shares held
Direct
Privalgo Limited
5th & 6th Floor 16 Eastcheap, London, EC3M 1BD
Ordinary
100.00
Privalgo Markets Limited
5th & 6th Floor 16 Eastcheap, London, EC3M 1BD
Ordinary
100.00
Privalgo B.V.
5th & 6th Floor 16 Eastcheap, London, EC3M 1BD
Ordinary
100.00
15
Debtors
Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
Amounts falling due within one year:
£
£
£
£
Trade debtors
3,367,645
1,371,921
-
0
-
0
Corporation tax recoverable
11,608
-
0
-
0
-
0
Amounts receivable on open spot and forward contracts
60,111,541
63,489,130
-
-
Other debtors
3,787,469
3,434,988
317,738
-
0
Prepayments and accrued income
523,013
366,360
-
0
-
0
67,801,276
68,662,399
317,738
-
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 29 -
16
Cash and cash equivalents
Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
£
£
£
£
Cash at bank and in hand
89,532,081
67,113,619
-
-
Included in cash at bank and in hand shown above are amounts held in segregated accounts on behalf of clients totalling £87,949,857 (2023: £63,482,119).
17
Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
£
£
Other borrowings
294
881
-
0
-
0
Trade creditors
90,229,316
64,531,077
-
0
-
0
Corporation tax payable
398,954
431,568
-
0
-
0
Other taxation and social security
271,124
286,805
-
-
Amounts payable on open spot and forward contracts
62,613,087
66,284,709
-
0
-
0
Other creditors
960,682
1,532,806
289,590
-
0
Accruals and deferred income
709,133
263,509
-
0
-
0
155,182,590
133,331,355
289,590
-
0

Included in trade creditors shown above are amounts held by the Group in segregated accounts on behalf of clients as Electronic Money Institution balances totalling £87,949,857 (2023: £63,482,119).

18
Creditors: amounts falling due after more than one year
Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
£
£
Bank loans and overdrafts
1,000,000
1,000,000
-
0
-
0

Amounts shown above in other loans accrue interest at a rate of 25% per annum and are unsecured.

PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 30 -
19
Deferred taxation

The following are the major deferred tax liabilities and assets recognised by the group and company, and movements thereon:

Liabilities
Liabilities
2024
2023
Group
£
£
Accelerated capital allowances
116,307
80,785
Other short term timing differences
(6,951)
(3,467)
109,356
77,318
The company has no deferred tax assets or liabilities.
Group
Company
2024
2024
Movements in the year:
£
£
Liability at 1 January 2024
77,318
-
Charge to profit or loss
32,038
-
Liability at 31 December 2024
109,356
-

The deferred tax liability set out above is expected to reverse within 60 months and relates to accelerated capital allowances that are expected to mature within the same period.

20
Retirement benefit schemes
2024
2023
Defined contribution schemes
£
£
Charge to profit or loss in respect of defined contribution schemes
62,320
50,677

A defined contribution pension scheme is operated for all qualifying employees. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the group in an independently administered fund.

21
Share capital
Group and company
2024
2023
2024
2023
Ordinary share capital
Number
Number
£
£
Issued and fully paid
Ordinary shares of 1p each
62,823,883
100
628,239
1
During the year, the company subdivided its share capital into 10,000 ordinary shares of £0.01 each. It then issued 9,110 new £0.01 shares to its shareholders. 9,555 new ordinary shares of £0.01 each were issued in exchange for the share capital of Privalgo Limited, and 59,999,555 new ordinary shares of £0.01 each were issued in exchange for the share capital of Privalgo Markets Limited. A final share issue of 2,795,663 new ordinary shares of £0.01 were then issued to shareholders of the company.
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 31 -
22
Reserves
Profit and loss account
The profit and loss account represents cumulative distributable profits and losses net of dividends and other adjustments.
23
Operating lease commitments
Lessee

At the reporting end date the group had outstanding commitments for future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases, which fall due as follows:

Group
Company
2024
2023
2024
2023
£
£
£
£
Within one year
622,521
419,521
-
-
Between two and five years
1,717,858
2,169,852
-
-
In over five years
-
113,076
-
-
2,340,379
2,702,449
-
-
24
Related party transactions

Group

Directors and key management personnel remuneration is disclosed in note 7 to the financial statements.

 

The group made payments to directors of £181,847 (2023: £569,604). The group accrued interest at a rate of 2.5% on payments made to directors of £6,402 (2023: £11,393). The group made sales to directors generating turnover of of £nil (2023: £11,836) for the group. These sales were at arm's length and were fully settled in the year. The group received payments of £303,807 (2023: £561,159) from directors. The group paid expenses on behalf of the directors totalling £Nil (2023: £2,886) and the directors paid expenses on behalf of the group totalling £Nil (2023: £30,212). At the period end, the directors owed the group £329,139 (2023: £440,198). These balances were all repaid within 9 months of the balance sheet date.

 

The group accrued interest payable and loan arrangement fees to entities under the control of directors totalling £289,317 (2023: £289,318) and made payments of £4486,701 (2023: £409,811) to entities under the control or significant influence of directors. The group paid expenses of £Nil (2023: £3,787) and accrued partner commissions payable of £106,656 (2023: £82,778) on behalf of entities under the control or significant influence of directors. At the year end, the group owed entities under the control or significant influence of directors £1,012,023 (2023: £1,022,751).

 

Company

The company has taken advantage of the exemption contained in FRS 102 section 33 "Related Party Disclosures" from disclosing transactions with entities which are a wholly owned part of the group. At the year end, Privalgo Holdings Limited owed £300,993 (2023 - £nil) to its subsidiary company. These amounts are unsecured, interest free and repayable on demand.

25
Controlling party
In the opinion of the directors there is no ultimate controlling party.
PRIVALGO HOLDINGS LTD
NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 32 -
26
Analysis of changes in net funds - group
1 January 2024
Cash flows
31 December 2024
£
£
£
Cash at bank and in hand
68,439,115
22,333,489
90,772,604
Borrowings excluding overdrafts
(1,000,881)
587
(1,000,294)
67,438,234
22,334,076
89,772,310
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