A financial asset or a financial liability is recognised only when the entity becomes a party to the
contractual provisions of the instrument.
Basic financial instruments are initially recognised at the transaction price and are subsequently
measured as follows: Debt instruments are subsequently measured at amortised cost and commitments
to receive a loan and to make a loan to another entity are subsequently measured at amortised cost.
Where investments in non-convertible preference shares and non-puttable ordinary shares or preference
shares are publicly traded or their fair value can otherwise be measured reliably, the investment is
subsequently measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss. All other
such investments are subsequently measured at cost less impairment.
All other financial instruments, including derivatives, are initially recognised at fair value, which
is normally the transaction price and are subsequently measured at fair value, with any changes
recognised in profit or loss.
Financial assets that are measured at cost or amortised cost are reviewed for objective evidence of
impairment at the end of each reporting date. If there is objective evidence of impairment, an impairment
loss is recognised in profit or loss immediately.
All equity instruments regardless of significance, and other financial assets that are individually
significant, are assessed individually for impairment. Other financial assets or either assessed
individually or grouped on the basis of similar credit risk characteristics.
Any reversals of impairment are recognised in profit or loss immediately, to the extent that the reversal
does not result in a carrying amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the carrying amount would
have been had the impairment not previously been recognised.