The company only enters into basic financial instruments transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors, creditors, loans from banks and other third parties, loans to related parties and investments in non-puttable ordinary shares.

Cash and cash equivalents are basic financial assets and include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.

In the application of the company's accounting policies management is required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily ascertainable from other sources. The estimates and underlying assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual outcomes may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on a continuing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimates are revised.

The key areas of estimation uncertainty that have a significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements are described below:

Accrued Expenditure

The company includes a provision for invoices which are yet to be received from and amounts paid in advance to suppliers. These provisions are estimated based upon the expected values of the invoices which are issued and services received following the period end.