The company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments' and Section

12 'Other Financial Instruments Issues' of FRS 102,Section 1A to all of its financial instruments.

Financial instruments are recognised in the company's balance sheet when the company becomes party to

the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset, with the net amounts presented in the financial statements, when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Basic financial assets

Basic financial assets, which include debtors and cash and bank balances, are initially measured at

transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the

effective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction

is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial

assets classified as receivable within one year are not amortised.

Classification of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual

arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest

assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities.

Basic financial liabilities

Basic financial liabilities, including creditors. bank loans, loans from fellow group companies and preference shares that are classified as debt, are initially recognised at transaction price unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value future payments discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial liabilities classified as payable within year are not amortised.

Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost. using the effective interest rate method.

Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary

of business from suppliers. Amounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within

year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are recognised initially

transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the profit and loss account because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The company’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting end date.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all timing differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the timing difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the profit and loss account. except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the company has a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.

Cash at bank and in hand are basic financial assets and include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.

Equity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of transaction costs.

Dividends payable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the

discretion of the company.