REGISTERED NUMBER: 11616111 (England and Wales)

CROFTY HOLDINGS LIMITED

GROUP STRATEGIC REPORT,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS AND

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

Page

Company Information

1

Group Strategic Report

2

Report of the Directors

3

Report of the Independent Auditors

4

Consolidated Income Statement

7

Consolidated Other Comprehensive Income

8

Consolidated Balance Sheet

9

Company Balance Sheet

10

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

12

Company Statement of Changes in Equity

13

Consolidated Cash Flow Statement

14

Notes to the Consolidated Cash Flow Statement

15

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

16

DIRECTORS:

J J Smith

P J Lucas

Mrs M J Richards

REGISTERED OFFICE:

Unit 14

Crofty Industrial Estate

Crofty

Swansea

SA4 3RS

REGISTERED NUMBER:

11616111 (England and Wales)

SENIOR STATUTORY AUDITOR:

Henry Lloyd-Davies

AUDITORS:

Bevan Buckland LLP (Statutory Auditors)

Ground Floor Cardigan House

Castle Court

Swansea Enterprise Park

Swansea

SA7 9LA

The directors present their strategic report of the company and the group for the year ended 31 December 2024.

REVIEW OF BUSINESS

The Income Statement for the year is set out on page 9. The directors are satisfied with the performance of the Company and the Group during the year and the year end financial position. After the unprecedented increase in the industry sales post the Covid pandemic the market place has experienced an anticipated yet sharp correction post year end resulting in a saturation of stock. Other factors affecting the slow down of sales have been the cost of living increases and uncertainty over interest rates. With the decrease in inflation and reduction interest rates towards the end of 2024 demand can be seen to be improving once more and the director's are cautiously optimistic for the future prospects of the Group.

PRINCIPAL RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

The Group's operations expose it to a variety of financial risks that include credit and liquidity risk and the effects of changes in interest rates. The Company& Group has procedures to check credit status of new customers and monitor the impact on interest rate movements. Given the size of the Group, the director has not delegated the responsibility of monitoring financial risk management to a sub-committee of the board. The policy set by the board of directors is implemented by the group's finance department.

Price risk

The directors consider price risk when negotiating contracts with customers

Credit risk

The directors have implemented policies that require appropriate credit checks on potential customers before services are provided. When debt finance is utilised, this is subject to pre-approval by the board of directors.

Liquidity risk

The directors actively maintain a mix of debt that is designed to ensure the Company has sufficient funds for operations.

Stock Impairment risk

The directors monitor the age of caravan stock to ensure that prior seasons stock do not remain unsold past their market desirability.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

The director considers that the key financial indicators are those that communicate the financial performance and strength of the Company as a whole, these being turnover, gross profit and profit/(loss) before taxation as set out below:

2024

2023

2022

2021

£

£

£

£

Turnover

8,175

16,672

14,950

10,524

Gross Profit

1,109

2,239

2,312

1,579

Profit/(loss) before taxation

(156)

1,140

1,422

1,477

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD:

J J Smith - Director

23 September 2025

The directors present their report with the financial statements of the company and the group for the year ended 31 December 2024.

DIVIDENDS

An interim dividend of 1110.37 per share was paid on . The directors recommend that no final dividend be paid.

The total distribution of dividends for the year ended 31 December 2024 will be £ 109,927 .

DIRECTORS

The directors shown below have held office during the whole of the period from 1 January 2024 to the date of this report.

J J Smith

P J Lucas

Mrs M J Richards

STATEMENT OF DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES

The directors are responsible for preparing the Group Strategic Report, the Report of the Directors and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and the group and of the profit or loss of the group for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

-	select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

-	make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

-	prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company's and the group's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and the group and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and the group and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

STATEMENT AS TO DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION TO AUDITORS

So far as the directors are aware, there is no relevant audit information (as defined by Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006) of which the group's auditors are unaware, and each director has taken all the steps that he or she ought to have taken as a director in order to make himself or herself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the group's auditors are aware of that information.

AUDITORS

The auditors, Bevan Buckland LLP (Statutory Auditors), will be proposed for re-appointment at the forthcoming Annual General Meeting.

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD:

J J Smith - Director

23 September 2025

Opinion

We have audited the financial statements of Crofty Holdings Limited (the 'parent company') and its subsidiaries (the 'group') for the year ended 31 December 2024 which comprise the Consolidated Income Statement, Consolidated Other Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Balance Sheet, Company Balance Sheet, Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity, Company Statement of Changes in Equity, Consolidated Cash Flow Statement and Notes to the Consolidated Cash Flow Statement, Notes to the Financial Statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 'The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland' (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

-	give a true and fair view of the state of the group's and of the parent company affairs as at 31 December 2024 and of the group's loss for the year then ended;

-	have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and

-	have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Basis for qualified opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors' responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the group in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC's Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the group's and the parent company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Other information

The directors are responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information in the Group Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors, but does not include the financial statements and our Report of the Auditors thereon.

Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:

-	the information given in the Group Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and

-	the Group Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.

Matters on which we are required to report by exception

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the group and the parent company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the Group Strategic Report or the Report of the Directors.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters where the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

-	adequate accounting records have not been kept by the parent company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

-	the parent company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

-	certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or

-	we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

Responsibilities of directors

As explained more fully in the Statement of Directors' Responsibilities set out on page three, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the group's and the parent company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the group or the parent company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Auditors' responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue a Report of the Auditors that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:

Extent to which the audit was considered capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud

We identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the Financial Statements, whether due to fraud or error, and then, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, including obtaining audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

We discussed our audit independence complying with the Revised Ethical Standard 2019 with the engagement team members whilst planning the audit and continually monitored our independence throughout the process.

Identifying and assessing potential risks related to irregularities.

In identifying and assessing risks of material misstatement in respect of irregularities, including fraud and non-compliance with laws and regulations, our procedures included the following:

-

enquiring of management, including obtaining and reviewing support documentation, concerning the group's policies and procedures relating to:

-

identifying, evaluating, and complying with laws and regulations and whether they were aware of any instances of non-compliance;

-

detecting and responding to the risks of fraud and whether they have knowledge of any actual, suspected or alleged fraud;

-

internal controls established to mitigate risks related to fraud or non-compliance with laws and regulations;

-

discussing among the engagement team how and where fraud might occur in the Financial Statements and any potential indicators of fraud.

-

obtaining an understanding of the legal and regulatory frameworks that the group operates in, focusing on those laws and regulations that had a direct effect on the Financial Statements or that had a fundamental effect on the operations of the group, the key laws and regulations we considered in this context included the UK Companies Act and relevant tax legislation.

Audit response to risks identified

In addition to the above, our procedures to respond to risks identified included the following:

-

reviewing the financial statement disclosures and testing to supporting documentation to assess compliance with relevant laws and regulations;

-

enquiring of management concerning actual and potential litigation and claims; performing analytical procedures to identify any unusual or unexpected relationships that may indicate risks of material misstatement due to fraud;

-

reading minutes of meetings of those charged with governance and reviewing correspondence with HMRC;

-

in addressing the risk of fraud through management override of controls, testing the appropriateness of journal entries and other adjustments;

-

assessing whether the judgements made in making accounting estimates are indicative of a potential bias; and

-

evaluating the business rationale of any significant transactions that are unusual or outside the normal course of business.

We also communicated relevant identified laws and regulations and potential fraud risks to all engagement team members and remained alert to any indications of fraud or non-compliance with laws and regulations throughout the audit.

A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council's website at www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our Report of the Auditors.

Use of our report

This report is made solely to the company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company's members those matters we are required to state to them in a Report of the Auditors and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company's members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

Henry Lloyd-Davies (Senior Statutory Auditor)

for and on behalf of Bevan Buckland LLP (Statutory Auditors)

Ground Floor Cardigan House

Castle Court

Swansea Enterprise Park

Swansea

SA7 9LA

23 September 2025

TURNOVER

3

8,175,059

16,672,195

Cost of sales

(7,066,140

)

(14,433,301

)

GROSS PROFIT

1,108,919

2,238,894

Administrative expenses

(1,252,084

)

(1,089,572

)

OPERATING (LOSS)/PROFIT

5

(143,165

)

1,149,322

Interest receivable and similar income

3,621

3,893

(139,544

)

1,153,215

Interest payable and similar expenses

6

(16,169

)

(13,069

)

(LOSS)/PROFIT BEFORE TAXATION

(155,713

)

1,140,146

Tax on (loss)/profit

7

17,795

(268,375

)

(LOSS)/PROFIT FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR

(137,918

)

871,771

(Loss)/profit attributable to:

Owners of the parent

(137,918

)

871,771

(LOSS)/PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

(137,918

)

871,771

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

-

-

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR

(137,918

)

871,771

Total comprehensive income attributable to:

Owners of the parent

(137,918

)

871,771

FIXED ASSETS

Tangible assets

10

208,511

198,644

Investments

11

-

-

208,511

198,644

CURRENT ASSETS

Stocks

12

2,313,843

4,417,760

Debtors

13

2,478,588

4,259,041

Cash at bank and in hand

505,305

767,950

5,297,736

9,444,751

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due within one year

14

2,285,322

6,126,525

NET CURRENT ASSETS

3,012,414

3,318,226

TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES

3,220,925

3,516,870

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due after more than one year

15

(80,189

)

(110,494

)

PROVISIONS FOR LIABILITIES

18

-

(17,795

)

NET ASSETS

3,140,736

3,388,581

CAPITAL AND RESERVES

Called up share capital

19

99

99

Retained earnings

20

3,140,637

3,388,482

SHAREHOLDERS' FUNDS

3,140,736

3,388,581

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 23 September 2025 and were signed on its behalf by:

P J Lucas - Director

J J Smith - Director

FIXED ASSETS

Tangible assets

10

100,000

100,000

Investments

11

99

99

100,099

100,099

CURRENT ASSETS

Debtors

13

1,954,050

2,045,474

Cash at bank

249,472

49,742

2,203,522

2,095,216

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due within one year

14

270,615

166,457

NET CURRENT ASSETS

1,932,907

1,928,759

TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES

2,033,006

2,028,858

CAPITAL AND RESERVES

Called up share capital

19

99

99

Retained earnings

2,032,907

2,028,759

SHAREHOLDERS' FUNDS

2,033,006

2,028,858

Company's profit for the financial year

114,075

664,528

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions applicable to companies subject to the small companies regime.

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 23 September 2025 and were signed on its behalf by:

P J Lucas - Director

J J Smith - Director

Called up

share

Retained

Total

capital

earnings

equity

£

£

£

Balance at 1 January 2023

99

2,641,778

2,641,877

Changes in equity

Dividends

-

(125,067

)

(125,067

)

Total comprehensive income

-

871,771

871,771

Balance at 31 December 2023

99

3,388,482

3,388,581

Changes in equity

Dividends

-

(109,927

)

(109,927

)

Total comprehensive income

-

(137,918

)

(137,918

)

Balance at 31 December 2024

99

3,140,637

3,140,736

Called up

share

Retained

Total

capital

earnings

equity

£

£

£

Balance at 1 January 2023

99

1,489,298

1,489,397

Changes in equity

Dividends

-

(125,067

)

(125,067

)

Total comprehensive income

-

664,528

664,528

Balance at 31 December 2023

99

2,028,759

2,028,858

Changes in equity

Dividends

-

(109,927

)

(109,927

)

Total comprehensive income

-

114,075

114,075

Balance at 31 December 2024

99

2,032,907

2,033,006

Cash flows from operating activities

Cash generated from operations

1

472,774

512,703

Interest paid

(8,666

)

(9,608

)

Finance costs paid

(7,503

)

(3,461

)

Tax paid

(276,237

)

(266,191

)

Net cash from operating activities

180,368

233,443

Cash flows from investing activities

Purchase of tangible fixed assets

(32,544

)

(58,217

)

Sale of tangible fixed assets

-

6,000

Interest received

3,621

3,893

Net cash from investing activities

(28,923

)

(48,324

)

Cash flows from financing activities

New loans in year

-

121,200

Loan repayments in year

(28,330

)

(12,353

)

Amount introduced by directors

-

485,347

Amount withdrawn by directors

(275,833

)

-

Equity dividends paid

(109,927

)

(125,067

)

Net cash from financing activities

(414,090

)

469,127

(Decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents

(262,645

)

654,246

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

2

767,950

113,704

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

2

505,305

767,950

1.	RECONCILIATION OF (LOSS)/PROFIT BEFORE TAXATION TO CASH GENERATED FROM OPERATIONS

2024

2023

£

£

(Loss)/profit before taxation

(155,713

)

1,140,146

Depreciation charges

22,678

23,601

Profit on disposal of fixed assets

-

(6,000

)

Finance costs

16,169

13,069

Finance income

(3,621

)

(3,893

)

(120,487

)

1,166,923

Decrease/(increase) in stocks

2,103,917

(2,693,037

)

Decrease/(increase) in trade and other debtors

1,528,390

(294,084

)

(Decrease)/increase in trade and other creditors

(3,039,046

)

2,332,901

Cash generated from operations

472,774

512,703

2.	CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

The amounts disclosed on the Cash Flow Statement in respect of cash and cash equivalents are in respect of these Balance Sheet amounts:

Year ended 31 December 2024

31.12.24

1.1.24

£

£

Cash and cash equivalents

505,305

767,950

Year ended 31 December 2023

31.12.23

1.1.23

£

£

Cash and cash equivalents

767,950

113,704

3.	ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET FUNDS

At 1.1.24

Cash flow

At 31.12.24

£

£

£

Net cash

Cash at bank and in hand

767,950

(262,645

)

505,305

767,950

(262,645

)

505,305

Debt

Debts falling due within 1 year

(12,353

)

(1,976

)

(14,329

)

Debts falling due after 1 year

(96,494

)

16,305

(80,189

)

(108,847

)

14,329

(94,518

)

Total

659,103

(248,316

)

410,787

1.	STATUTORY INFORMATION

Crofty Holdings Limited is a private company, limited by shares , registered in England and Wales. The company's registered number and registered office address can be found on the General Information page.

The presentation currency of the financial statements is the Pound Sterling (£).

2.	ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of preparing the financial statements

Going Concern

After reviewing the group's forecasts and projections, the directors have a reasonable expectation that the group has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. The group therefore continues to adopt the going concern basis in preparing its financial statements.

Turnover

Turnover is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, excluding discounts, rebates, value added tax and other sales taxes.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to the buyer, usually on despatch of the goods.

Tangible fixed assets

Depreciation is provided at the following annual rates in order to write off each asset over its estimated useful life.

Freehold property

-

Nil

Plant and Machinery

-

Straight line over 5 to 10 years

Fixtures and fittings

-

20% straight line

Motor vehicles

-

5 - 20% on cost

Stocks

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and estimated selling price less costs to sell. Inventories are recognised as an expense in the period in which the related revenue is recognised.

Cost is determined on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Cost includes the purchase price, including taxes and duties and transport and handling directly attributable to bringing the inventory to its present location and condition.

At the end of each reporting period inventories are assessed for impairment. If an item of inventory is impaired, the identified inventory is reduced to its selling price less costs to complete and sell and an impairment charge is recognised in the profit and loss account. Where a reversal of the impairment is required the impairment charge is reversed, up to the original impairment loss, and is recognised as a credit in the profit and loss account.

Taxation

Taxation for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current or deferred taxation assets and liabilities are not discounted.

Current tax is recognised at the amount of tax payable using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed at the balance sheet date.

Timing differences arise from the inclusion of income and expenses in tax assessments in periods different from those in which they are recognised in financial statements. Deferred tax is measured using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the year end and that are expected to apply to the reversal of the timing difference.

Unrelieved tax losses and other deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits.

Hire purchase and leasing commitments

Assets obtained under hire purchase contracts or finance leases are capitalised on the balance sheet. Those held under hire purchase contracts are depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Those held under finance leases are depreciated over their estimated useful lives or the lease term, whichever is the shorter.

The interest element of these obligations is charged to the profit and loss over the relevant period. The capital element of the future payments is treated as a liability.

Rentals paid under operating leases are charged to profit and loss on a straight line basis over the period of the lease.

Pension costs and other post-retirement benefits

The group operates a defined contribution pension scheme. Contributions payable to the group's pension scheme are charged to profit or loss in the period to which they relate.

Functional currency and presentation currency

The company's functional currency and presentation currency is pound sterling.

Cash at bank and cash in hand

Cash at bank and cash in hand includes cash and short term highly liquid investments with a short maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition or opening the deposit or similar account.

Debtors

Trade and other debtors are recognised at the settlement amount due after any trade discount offered.

Prepayments are valued at the amount prepaid net of any trade discounts due.

Creditors and provisions

Creditors and provisions are recognised where the company has a present obligation (legal and constructive) resulting from a past event that will probably result in the transfer of funds to a third party and the amount due to settle the obligation can be measured or estimated reliably.

Creditors and provisions are normally recognised at their settlement amount after allowing for any trade discounts due.

Employee benefits

The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be recognised as part of the cost of stock or fixed assets.

The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee's services are received.

Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.

Financial instruments

The company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 'Basic Financial Instruments' and Section 12 'Other Financial Instruments Issues' of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.

Financial instruments are recognised in the company's statement of financial position when the company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset, with the net amounts presented in the financial statements, when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Basic financial assets

Basic financial assets, which include trade and other receivables and cash and bank balances, are initially measured at transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.

Trade debtors, loans and other receivables that have fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market are classified as 'loans and receivables'. Loans and receivables are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment.

Interest is recognised by applying the effective interest rate, except for short-term receivables when the recognition of interest would be immaterial. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating the interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the debt instrument to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Impairment of financial assets

Financial assets, other than those held at fair value through profit and loss, are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting end date.

Financial assets are impaired where there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows have been affected. If an asset is impaired, the impairment loss is the difference between the carrying amount and the present value of the estimated cash flows discounted at the asset's original effective interest rate. The impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.

If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is such that the current carrying amount does not exceed what the carrying amount would have been, had the impairment not previously been recognised. The impairment reversal is recognised in profit or loss.

Derecognition of financial assets

Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or are settled, or when the company transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity, or if some significant risks and rewards of ownership are retained but control of the asset has transferred to another party that is able to sell the asset in its entirety to an unrelated third party.

Classification of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities.

Basic financial liabilities

Basic financial liabilities, including trade and other payables, bank loans, loans from fellow group companies and preference shares that are classified as debt, are initially recognised at transaction price unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.

Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.

Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade payables are recognised initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.