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Registered number: 02113730










INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED










ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
COMPANY INFORMATION


Directors
D Glossop 
R M Hansen (appointed 5 February 2024, resigned 27 August 2025)
X Montobbio (appointed 15 March 2024)
T J Price (appointed 19 July 2024, resigned 23 May 2025)
R J Harris (resigned 15 March 2024)
W H Overturf III (resigned 28 June 2024)




Company secretary
D J Thomas



Registered number
02113730



Registered office
150 Holborn

London

EC1N 2NS




Independent auditor
Xeinadin Audit Limited
Statutory Auditors

Nightingale House

46-48 East Street

Epsom

Surrey

KT17 1HQ





 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 

CONTENTS



Page
Strategic report
 
 
1 - 2
Directors' report
 
 
3 - 4
Directors' responsibilities statement
 
 
5
Independent auditor's report
 
 
6 - 9
Statement of comprehensive income
 
 
10
Balance sheet
 
 
11
Statement of changes in equity
 
 
12
Statement of cash flows
 
 
13
Analysis of net debt
 
 
14
Notes to the financial statements
 
 
15 - 32


 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
STRATEGIC REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

Principal activities
 
The principal activity of the Company during the year was that of engineering consultancy, covering MEP, Sustainability and Fire, primarily in the UK.

Review of business
 
2024 was a year of continued investment. We continued to invest and consolidate in staff to increase resilience with further investment in our infrastructure in line with our North American parent company and the wider group.
We continue to be industry leaders in development of the methodology in MEP Embodied Carbon measurement with publications extending across the globe in association with Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers.  We are also playing a leading role in the development of the new Net Zero Standards publication, and will be chairing the technical committee.

Financial key performance indicators
 
The key financial performance indicators are turnover, operating profit and total assets.  These have been identified as primary measures in line with the plan for long term growth of the business.


2024

2023

2022

Turnover
£9,447,758
£11,721,556
£10,096,449
Change in Turnover

(19.4%)
16.1%
25.3%
Operating Profit

(£1,818,475)
(£730,436)
£564,060
Total Assets
£6,670,909
£6,488,663
£6,909,536


Annual turnover of £9,447,758 decreased in 2024 by 19.4% compared to 2023 with market conditions proving challenging worldwide but there is a continued to commitment to grow the business. Profit has decreased as a result of continued consolidation of our infrastructure in line with our parent company and the wider group, however there has been an increase in Total Assets.
The Company sets budget and business plans annually to focus objectives for each years performance and these are monitored regularly through KPI’s and project financial performance assessments.
Non-financial key performance indicators
To maintain staff wellbeing and a comfortable working environment, we provide staff with available support and guidance on health and wellbeing along with mobile apps and amongst other things, the continuing of regular social activities. We continue to donate to charitable causes and meet our local and global ESG internal targets.  We are also increasing our Social Impact program through our STEM learning involvement and social value programs linked to project initiatives with clients.




 

Page 1

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 

STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

Principal risks and uncertainties
 
During the year the directors identified the following risks and uncertainties:

Operational risks
Delivery risk
Providing quality on time is of key importance for the Company. The management of this is done through implementing excellent quality controls and monitoring project progress and profitability. To mitigate risk, we have put in place a robust system and checking measures as part of our Quality assurance and checking procedures.
Financial risks management objectives and policies
Credit risk
Credit risk is managed through a formal due diligence process which consists of making a considered assessment of risks before entering into a potential project, the result is an overall pass or fail score, each client also undergoes a credit check prior to commencement. Once a project commences the credit control team reviews overdue balances daily, weekly and monthly.
Economic risk
The Company regularly reviews events taking place locally and internationally and assesses the impact on the business through monthly management meetings as well as communication with suppliers and customers on any potential change or disruption to business.
Interest risk
With inflation rising and the impact on interest rates, the Company reviews monthly the ability to cover principal loan and interest payments and does not anticipate any problems in being able to cover both.
Foreign exchange risk
The Company's transactions are primarily in Sterling, consequently exposure to exchange rate fluctuations are minimal, should any transaction be undertaken in a foreign currency these are reviewed to minimise any exchange risk prior to the transaction.
Liquidity risk
The Company actively manages its liquidity risk with a rolling cashflow forecast to ensure it has sufficient sources of funds available to meet its obligations as they fall due.

Future developments
 
The Company is looking to both diversify the services offered to capture a greater market share whilst maintaining our focus on the core services and markets that we serve. The Company also looks to develop market footprint through organic growth at suitable junctures within the year.


This report was approved by the board and signed on its behalf.



D Glossop
Director

Date: 26 September 2025

Page 2

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
DIRECTORS' REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

The directors present their report and the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2024.

Results for the year

The loss for the year, after taxation, amounted to £1,758,317 (2023 - loss £539,535).

Going concern

In the assessment of going concern the directors regularly review results and forecasts. These include revenue forecasts against resourcing levels, current pipeline, cash flow forecasts and a comprehensive review of project performance. Reporting on bids submitted and sales won is reviewed in monthly sales meetings and the percentage of wins currently remains strong. We continue to actively monitor our KPI’s and adjust as necessary. 
The directors have a reasonable expectation that the Company will be able to continue in operational existence for at least twelve months from signing the financial statements, thus they continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the annual financial statements.

Directors

The directors who served during the year and after year end were as follows:

D Glossop 
R M Hansen (appointed 5 February 2024, resigned 27 August 2025)
X Montobbio (appointed 15 March 2024)
T J Price (appointed 19 July 2024, resigned 23 May 2025)
R J Harris (resigned 15 March 2024)
W H Overturf III (resigned 28 June 2024)

Financial risks management objectives and policies

Details of financial risks management objectives and policies can be found in the Strategic Report on page 2.

Future developments

Details of future developments can be found in the Strategic Report on page 2.

Statement as to disclosure of information to auditors

Each of the persons who are directors at the time when this Directors' report is approved has confirmed that:
 
so far as the director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Company's auditor is unaware, and

the director has taken all the steps that ought to have been taken as a director in order to be aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the Company's auditor is aware of that information.

Events after reporting period

There were no material post balance sheet events.

Page 3

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
DIRECTORS' REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

This report was approved by the board and signed on its behalf.
 





D Glossop
Director

Date: 26 September 2025

150 Holborn
London
EC1N 2NS

Page 4

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

The directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law), including FRS 102 "The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland". Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and of the profit or loss of the Company for that period.

 In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;


prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Company and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Page 5

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 

Report on the audit of the financial statements
 
Opinion


We have audited the financial statements of Introba Consulting Limited (the 'Company') for the year ended 31 December 2024, which comprise the Statement of comprehensive income, the Balance sheet, the Statement of cash flows, the Statement of changes in equity and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policiesThe financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 ‘The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland' (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).


In our opinion the financial statements:


give a true and fair view of the state of the Company's affairs as at 31 December 2024 and of its loss for the year then ended;
have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and
have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.


Basis for opinion


We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the United Kingdom, including the Financial Reporting Council's Ethical Standard,and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.


Conclusions relating to going concern


In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.


Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.


Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.


Page 6

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED (CONTINUED)


Other information


The other information comprises the information included in the Annual Report other than the financial statements and our Auditor's report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the Annual ReportOur opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.


We have nothing to report in this regard.


Opinion on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006
 

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:


the information given in the Strategic report and the Directors' report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and
the Strategic report and the Directors' report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.


Matters on which we are required to report by exception
 

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the Company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the Strategic report or the Directors' report.


We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:


adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or
the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or
certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or
we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.


Responsibilities of directors
 

As explained more fully in the Directors' responsibilities statement set out on page 5, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.


In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.


Page 7

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED (CONTINUED)


Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements
 

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an Auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.


Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:

Identify and assess the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations or the override of internal control.
 
Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purposes of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control.
 
Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and the related disclosures made by the directors.
 
Conclude on the appropriateness of the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to event or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditors report to the related disclosure in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor's report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.
 
Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.


A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council's website at: www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our Auditor's report.


Page 8

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED (CONTINUED)


Use of our report
 

This report is made solely to the Company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Company's members those matters we are required to state to them in a Report of the Auditors and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company and the Company's members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.





Donald Nelson FCA (Senior statutory auditor)
for and on behalf of
Xeinadin Audit Limited
Statutory Auditors
Nightingale House
46-48 East Street
Epsom
Surrey
KT17 1HQ

29 September 2025
Page 9

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2024
2023
Note
£
£

  

Turnover
 4 
9,447,758
11,721,556

Cost of sales
  
(4,534,803)
(5,640,117)

Gross profit
  
4,912,955
6,081,439

Administrative expenses
  
(7,282,108)
(6,778,470)

Other operating income
  
550,678
(33,405)

Operating loss
 8 
(1,818,475)
(730,436)

Interest receivable and similar income
 9 
5,908
11,715

Interest payable and similar expenses
 10 
(21,623)
(30,584)

Loss before tax
  
(1,834,190)
(749,305)

Tax on loss
 11 
75,873
209,770

Loss for the financial year
  
(1,758,317)
(539,535)

There were no recognised gains and losses for 2024 or 2023 other than those included in the statement of comprehensive income.

There was no other comprehensive income for 2024 (2023:£NIL).

The notes on pages 15 to 32 form part of these financial statements.

Page 10

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
REGISTERED NUMBER: 02113730

BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2024

2024
2023
Note
£
£

Fixed assets
  

Tangible assets
 13 
28,396
69,835

  
28,396
69,835

Current assets
  

Debtors: amounts falling due within one year
 14 
6,420,220
5,988,352

Cash at bank and in hand
  
222,293
430,476

  
6,642,513
6,418,828

Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
 15 
(4,342,755)
(2,234,733)

Net current assets
  
 
 
2,299,758
 
 
4,184,095

Total assets less current liabilities
  
2,328,154
4,253,930

Creditors: amounts falling due after more than one year
 16 
(50,000)
(200,000)

Provisions for liabilities
  

Deferred tax
 18 
-
(17,459)

  
 
 
-
 
 
(17,459)

Net assets
  
2,278,154
4,036,471


Capital and reserves
  

Called up share capital 
 19 
390
390

Share premium account
 20 
7,110
7,110

Profit and loss account
 20 
2,270,654
4,028,971

  
2,278,154
4,036,471


The financial statements were approved and authorised for issue by the board and were signed on its behalf by: 




D Glossop
Director

Date: 26 September 2025

The notes on pages 15 to 32 form part of these financial statements.

Page 11

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024


Called up share capital
Share premium account
Profit and loss account
Total equity

£
£
£
£


At 1 January 2023
390
7,110
4,568,506
4,576,006


Comprehensive income for the year

Loss for the year
-
-
(539,535)
(539,535)



At 1 January 2024
390
7,110
4,028,971
4,036,471


Comprehensive income for the year

Loss for the year
-
-
(1,758,317)
(1,758,317)


At 31 December 2024
390
7,110
2,270,654
2,278,154


The notes on pages 15 to 32 form part of these financial statements.

Page 12

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 

STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2024
2023
£
£

Cash flows from operating activities                                                     Note

Profit before taxation
(1,834,190)
(749,305)

Adjustments for:

Depreciation of tangible assets
40,288
53,217

Loss on disposal of tangible assets
3,697
-

Interest paid                                                                                                 10   
21,623
30,584

Interest received                                                                                            9 
(5,908)
(11,715)

(Increase) in debtors
(562,325)
(970,376)

(Increase)/decrease in amounts owed by groups
(127,455)
359,725

(Decrease) in creditors
(207,887)
(103,231)

Increase in amounts owed to groups
2,698,659
373,158

Corporation tax (paid)/received
(66,424)
210,454

Net cash generated from operating activities

(39,922)
(807,489)


Cash flows from investing activities

Purchase of tangible fixed assets                                                                13   
(2,546)
(54,303)

Interest received                                                                                           9 
5,908
11,715

Net cash from investing activities

3,362
(42,588)

Cash flows from financing activities

Repayment of loans
(150,000)
(150,000)

Repayment of/new finance leases
-
(1,949)

Interest paid
(21,623)
(30,584)

Net cash used in financing activities
(171,623)
(182,533)

Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
(208,183)
(1,032,610)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
430,476
1,463,086

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year
222,293
430,476


Cash and cash equivalents at the end of year comprise:

Cash at bank and in hand
222,293
430,476

222,293
430,476


Page 13

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 

ANALYSIS OF NET DEBT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024




At 1 January 2024
Cash flows
At 31 December 2024
£

£

£

Cash at bank and in hand

430,476

(208,183)

222,293

Debt due after 1 year

(200,000)

150,000

(50,000)

Debt due within 1 year

(150,000)

-

(150,000)


80,476
(58,183)
22,293

The notes on pages 15 to 32 form part of these financial statements.

Page 14

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

1.


General information

Introba Consulting Limited is a private company, limited by shares, registered in England and Wales. The Company's registered number is 02113730 and the address of the registered office is 150 Holborn, London, EC1N 2NS. The principal activity of the Company is that of engineering consultancy, covering MEP, Sustainability and Fire, primarily in the UK.

2.Accounting policies

 
2.1

Basis of preparation of financial statements

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention unless otherwise specified within these accounting policies and in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 102, the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and the Republic of Ireland and the Companies Act 2006.

The preparation of financial statements in compliance with FRS 102 requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise judgement in applying the Company's accounting policies (see note 3).

The functional currency of the Company is considered to be pounds sterling (GBP) because that is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates. The financial statements are rounded to the nearest pound.

The following principal accounting policies have been applied:

 
2.2

Going concern

In the assessment of going concern the directors regularly review results and forecasts. These include revenue forecasts against resourcing levels, current pipeline, cash flow forecasts and a comprehensive review of project performance. Reporting on bids submitted and sales won is reviewed in monthly sales meetings and the percentage of wins currently remains strong.  We continue to actively monitor our KPI’s and adjust as necessary. 
The directors have a reasonable expectation that the Company will be able to continue in operational existence for at least twelve months from signing the financial statements, thus they continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the annual financial statements.

Page 15

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.3

Revenue

Turnover is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the turnover can be reliably measured. 
Revenue represents net invoiced sales of services, excluding value added tax and in accordance with the revenue recognition policy above. Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured.
In respect of long term contracts and contracts for ongoing services, revenue is recognised to the extent that the Company obtains a right to consideration as contract activity progresses. The adoption of this policy means that for certain long term contracts the benefit is recognised as turnover and not as work in progress. This has the effect of increasing turnover and reducing work in progress in cost of sales and stocks.
Revenue is recognised in accordance with the percentage of completion method over the life of the project. This is based on the direct labour cost to date as a percentage of the total expected direct labour cost. There is a level of critical judgement around this which has been considered.
Each project is also reviewed to ensure that the correct level of income is recognised in the accounting period. The profitability is also reviewed so that any anticipated losses on the contracts are recognised immediately. These reviews are carried out throughout the whole duration of the project with any adjustments being recognised in the period that they are identified.

 
2.4

Leased assets: the Company as lessee

Assets obtained under hire purchase contracts and finance leases are capitalised as tangible fixed assets. Assets acquired by finance lease are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives. Assets acquired by hire purchase are depreciated over their useful lives. Finance leases are those where substantially all of the benefits and risks of ownership are assumed by the Company. Obligations under such agreements are included in creditors net of the finance charge allocated to future periods. The finance element of the rental payment is charged to profit or loss so as to produce a constant periodic rate of charge on the net obligation outstanding in each period.

 
2.5

Research and development

In the research phase of an internal project it is not possible to demonstrate that the project will generate future economic benefits and hence all expenditure on research shall be recognised as an expense when it is incurred. Intangible assets are recognised from the development phase of a project if and only if certain specific criteria are met in order to demonstrate the asset will generate probable future economic benefits and that its cost can be reliably measured. The capitalised development costs are subsequently amortised on a straight-line basis over their useful economic lives, which range from 3 to 6 years.
If it is not possible to distinguish between the research phase and the development phase of an internal project, the expenditure is treated as if it were all incurred in the research phase only.

 
2.6

Interest income

Interest income is recognised in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

Page 16

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.7

Finance costs

Finance costs are charged to profit or loss over the term of the debt using the effective interest method so that the amount charged is at a constant rate on the carrying amount. Issue costs are initially recognised as a reduction in the proceeds of the associated capital instrument.

 
2.8

Borrowing costs

All borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the year in which they are incurred.

 
2.9

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are initially recognised at cost. After recognition, under the cost model, intangible assets are measured at cost less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses.

All intangible assets are considered to have a finite useful life. If a reliable estimate of the useful life cannot be made, the useful life shall not exceed ten years.

 Amortisation is provided on the following bases:

Computer software
-
33%

Intangible assets acquired on business combinations are recognised separately from goodwill at the acquisition date if the fair value can be measured reliably.
Amortisation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each balance sheet date.

 
2.10

Tangible fixed assets

Tangible fixed assets under the cost model are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

Depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of assets less their residual value over their estimated useful lives, using the straight-line method.

Depreciation is provided on the following bases:

Furniture and equipment
-
20%
per annum / 5 years
Computer hardware
-
33%
per annum / 3 years

The assets' residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted prospectively if appropriate, or if there is an indication of a significant change since the last reporting date.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognised in profit or loss.

Page 17

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.11

Impairment of non-current assets

Assets that are subject to amortisation and depreciation are reviewed for impairment when events of changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying value exceeds its recoverable amount, which is considered to be the higher of value in use and fair value less costs to sell.

 
2.12

Current and deferred taxation

The tax expense for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in profit or loss except that a charge attributable to an item of income and expense recognised as other comprehensive income or to an item recognised directly in equity is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company operates and generates income.

Deferred tax balances are recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed by the balance sheet date, except that:
The recognition of deferred tax assets is limited to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits; and
Any deferred tax balances are reversed if and when all conditions for retaining associated tax allowances have been met.

Deferred tax balances are not recognised in respect of permanent differences except in respect of business combinations, when deferred tax is recognised on the differences between the fair values of assets acquired and the future tax deductions available for them and the differences between the fair values of liabilities acquired and the amount that will be assessed for tax. Deferred tax is determined using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.


Page 18

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.13

Foreign currency translation

Functional and presentation currency

The Company's functional and presentational currency is GBP.

Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the spot exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

At each period end foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate. Non-monetary items measured at historical cost are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction and non-monetary items measured at fair value are measured using the exchange rate when fair value was determined.

Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of transactions and from the translation at period-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in profit or loss except when deferred in other comprehensive income as qualifying cash flow hedges.

Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings and cash and cash equivalents are presented in the Statement of comprehensive income within 'finance income or costs'. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in profit or loss within 'other operating income'.

 
2.14

Operating leases: the Company as lessee

Rentals paid under operating leases are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Benefits received and receivable as an incentive to sign an operating lease are recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term, unless another systematic basis is representative of the time pattern of the lessee's benefit from the use of the leased asset.

 
2.15

Pensions

The Company operates a defined contribution pension scheme. Contributions payable to the Company's pension scheme are charged to profit or loss in the period to which they relate.
 

 
2.16

Debtors

Short-term debtors are measured at transaction price, less any impairment. Loans receivable are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment.

Page 19

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.17

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash is represented by cash in hand and deposits with financial institutions repayable without penalty on notice of not more than 24 hours. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that mature in no more than three months from the date of acquisition and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with insignificant risk of change in value.

In the Statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents are repayable on demand and form an integral part of the Company's cash management.

 
2.18

Creditors

Short-term creditors are measured at the transaction price. Other financial liabilities, including bank loans, are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

 
2.19

Provisions for liabilities

Provisions are recognised when an event has taken place that gives rise to a legal or constructive obligation, a transfer of economic benefits is probable and a reliable estimate can be made.
Provisions are measured as the best estimate of the amount required to settle the obligation, taking into account the related risks and uncertainties.
 
Increases in provisions are generally charged as an expense to profit or loss.

Page 20

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.20

Financial instruments

The Company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 “Basic Financial Instruments” of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.

Financial instruments are recognised in the Company's Balance sheet when the Company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Basic financial assets

Basic financial assets, which include trade and other debtors, cash and bank balances, are initially measured at their transaction price (adjusted for transaction costs except in the initial measurement of financial assets that are subsequently measured at fair value through profit and loss) and are subsequently carried at their amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any provision for impairment, unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.

Discounting is omitted where the effect of discounting is immaterial. The Company's cash and cash equivalents, trade and most other debtors due with the operating cycle fall into this category of financial instruments.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Company after the deduction of all its liabilities.

Basic financial liabilities, which include trade and other creditors, bank loans and other loans are initially measured at their transaction price (adjusting for transaction costs except in the initial measurement of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at fair value through profit and loss). When this constitutes a financing transaction, whereby the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the future payments discounted at a market rate of interest, discounting is omitted where the effect of discounting is immaterial.

Debt instruments are subsequently carried at their amortised cost using the effective interest rate method.

Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods and services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Trade creditors are classified as current liabilities if the payment is due within one year. If not, they represent non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are initially recognised at their transaction price and subsequently are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Discounting is omitted where the effect of discounting is immaterial.

Page 21

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

3.


Critical accounting judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty

In the application of the Company's accounting policies, which are described in note 2, management is required to make judgements, estimates and assumption of the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. There have been no significant judgements made. The estimates and underlying assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision effects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision effects both current and future periods.
Key sources of estimation uncertainty
There were no key sources of estimation uncertainty in respect of the year ended 31 December 2024.
 
Critical accounting judgements
 
Level of completion of projects
 
Revenue is recognised in accordance with the percentage of completion method over the life of the project. This is based on the direct labour cost to date as a percentage of the total expected direct labour cost. There is a level of critical judgement around this which has been considered.
Each project is also reviewed to ensure that the correct level of income is recognised in the accounting period. The profitability is also reviewed so that any anticipated losses on the contracts are recognised immediately. These reviews are carried out throughout the whole duration of the project with any adjustments being recognised in the period that they are identified.


4.


Turnover

An analysis of the Company's turnover by geographical market is set out below and is all applicable to rendering of consultancy services.

Analysis of turnover by country of destination:

2024
2023
£
£

United Kingdom
8,970,217
11,275,816

Rest of the world
477,541
445,740

9,447,758
11,721,556


Page 22

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

5.


Auditor's remuneration

During the year, the Company obtained the following services from the Company's auditor:


2024
2023
£
£

Fees payable to the Company's auditor for the audit of the Company's financial statements
20,000
19,000


6.


Employees

Staff costs, including directors' remuneration, were as follows:


2024
2023
£
£

Wages and salaries
6,471,144
7,577,560

Social security costs
763,440
770,465

Cost of defined contribution scheme
332,652
339,514

7,567,236
8,687,539


The average monthly number of employees, including the directors, during the year was as follows:


        2024
        2023
            No.
            No.







Management
4
3



Other staff
101
112

105
115

Page 23

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

7.


Directors' remuneration

2024
2023
£
£

Directors' emoluments
332,794
665,627

Company contributions to defined contribution pension schemes
16,720
56,604

349,514
722,231


During the year retirement benefits were accruing to 2 directors (2023 - 4) in respect of defined contribution pension schemes.

The highest paid director received remuneration of £169,244 (2023 - £226,004).

The value of the Company's contributions paid to a defined contribution pension scheme in respect of the highest paid director amounted to £7,000 (2023 - £28,032).


8.


Operating loss

The operating loss is stated after charging:

2024
2023
£
£

Foreign exchange (gain)/loss
12,605
40,697

Other operating lease rentals
354,387
299,331

Depreciation of tangible fixed assets
40,288
53,217

Auditors' remuneration
25,700
22,978


9.


Interest receivable

2024
2023
£
£


Other interest receivable
5,908
11,715

5,908
11,715

Page 24

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

10.


Interest payable and similar expenses

2024
2023
£
£


Bank interest payable
21,623
29,754

Other interest on overdue tax
-
830

21,623
30,584


11.


Taxation


2024
2023
£
£

Corporation tax


Current tax on profits for the year
54,789
(195,692)

Adjustments in respect of previous periods
11,635
(14,762)


66,424
(210,454)


Total current tax
66,424
(210,454)

Deferred tax


Origination and reversal of timing differences
(142,297)
684

Total deferred tax
(142,297)
684


(75,873)
(209,770)
Page 25

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
 
11.Taxation (continued)


Factors affecting tax charge for the year

The tax assessed for the year is lower than (2023 - lower than) the standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of 25% (2023 - 23.52%). The differences are explained below:

2024
2023
£
£


Loss on ordinary activities before tax
(1,834,190)
(749,305)


Loss on ordinary activities multiplied by standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of 25% (2023 - 23.52%)
(458,548)
(176,237)

Effects of:


Expenses not deductible for tax purposes, other than goodwill amortisation and impairment
-
2,311

Capital allowances for year in excess of depreciation
-
(330)

Adjustments to tax charge in respect of prior periods
(65,513)
(14,762)

Adjustment in research and development tax credit leading to an increase (decrease) in the tax charge
(77,148)
(149,664)

Remeasurement of deferred tax for changes in tax rates
-
(13,727)

Movement in deferred tax not recognised
572,802
142,465

Other differences leading to an increase (decrease) in the tax charge
213
174

Transfer pricing adjustments
(47,679)
-

Total tax charge for the year
(75,873)
(209,770)


Factors that may affect future tax charges

There were no factors that may affect future tax charges.

Page 26

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

12.


Intangible assets




Computer software

£



Cost


At 1 January 2024
18,590



At 31 December 2024

18,590



Amortisation


At 1 January 2024
18,590



At 31 December 2024

18,590



Net book value



At 31 December 2024
-



At 31 December 2023
-



Page 27

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

13.


Tangible fixed assets





Plant and machinery

£



Cost or valuation


At 1 January 2024
437,415


Additions
2,546


Disposals
(52,073)



At 31 December 2024

387,888



Depreciation


At 1 January 2024
367,580


Charge for the year on owned assets
40,288


Disposals
(48,376)



At 31 December 2024

359,492



Net book value



At 31 December 2024
28,396



At 31 December 2023
69,835


14.


Debtors: Amounts falling due within one year

2024
2023
£
£


Trade debtors
2,639,332
2,265,251

Amounts owed by group undertakings
1,960,894
2,216,189

Other debtors
391,470
428,528

Prepayments
180,350
193,205

Amounts recoverable on long-term contracts
1,123,336
885,179

Deferred taxation
124,838
-

6,420,220
5,988,352


Amounts owed by group undertakings are unsecured, interest free and receivable on demand.

Page 28

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

15.


Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year

2024
2023
£
£

Bank loans
150,000
150,000

Trade creditors
306,064
252,161

Amounts owed to group undertakings
2,716,315
400,406

Other taxation and social security
475,280
676,664

Other creditors
93,336
58,956

Accruals
243,663
226,313

Deferred income
358,097
470,233

4,342,755
2,234,733



16.


Creditors: Amounts falling due after more than one year

2024
2023
£
£

Bank loans
50,000
200,000

50,000
200,000


The following liabilities were secured:

2024
2023
£
£



Bank loans
50,000
200,000

50,000
200,000

Details of security provided:

The loan is repayable by April 2026. The bank loan is secured by way of a fixed and floating charge over all of the assets of the Company. The interest rate is 2.75% p.a. over base rate.

Page 29

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

17.


Loans


Analysis of the maturity of loans is given below:


2024
2023
£
£

Amounts falling due within one year

Bank loans
150,000
150,000

Amounts falling due 2-5 years

Bank loans
50,000
200,000



200,000
350,000



18.


Deferred taxation




2024


£






At beginning of year
(17,459)


Charged to profit or loss
142,297



At end of year
124,838

The deferred taxation balance is made up as follows:

2024
2023
£
£


Accelerated capital allowances
(7,099)
(17,459)

Expenditure credit step restrictions
131,937
-

124,838
(17,459)


19.


Share capital

2024
2023
£
£
Allotted, called up and fully paid



39,000 (2023 - 39,000) Ordinary shares shares of £0.01 each
390
390

The holders of the ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share in all circumstances.


Page 30

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

20.


Reserves

Share premium account
The share premium account represents the premium arising on the issue of shares net of issue costs.
Profit and loss account
The profit and loss account represents cumulative profits and losses net of dividends and other adjustments.

Retained earnings
Share premium
Totals
£
£
£
At 1 January 2024
4,028,971
7,110
4,036,081
Profit/(Loss) for the year
(1,758,317)
-
(1,758,317)
At 31 December 2024
2,270,654
7,110
2,277,764



21.


Pension commitments

Introba Consulting Limited operates a defined contribution scheme with the amount of the benefit being dependent upon the contributions paid to the scheme and the investment return achieved. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the Company. Contributions to the scheme are charged to the profit and loss account and amounted to £332,652 (2023: £339,514). At the year end the balance due to the pension scheme included within Other creditors amounted to £65,242 (2023: £69,192).


22.


Commitments under operating leases

At 31 December 2024 the Company had future minimum lease payments due under non-cancellable operating leases for each of the following periods:

2024
2023
£
£


Not later than 1 year
304,242
319,540

Later than 1 year and not later than 5 years
1,318,155
792,927

Later than 5 years
529,546
-

2,151,943
1,112,467

Page 31

 
INTROBA CONSULTING LIMITED
 
 
 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

23.


Related party transactions

During the year the Company entered into transactions with related parties. The balances at the end of the year are provided below.
Amounts due to immediate parent, Introba Inc: £2,196,959 (2023: £264,687, due from parent company)
Amounts due from other related parties: £1,960,894 (2023: £1,620,787)
Amounts due to other related parties: £519,356 (2023: £400,406)


24.


Controlling party

The immediate parent undertaking is Introba Inc, a company registered in Delaware, 6892534.
The ultimate parent undertaking is Dar Al-Handasah Consultants Shair and Partners Holdings Ltd, a company registered in Dubai at the registered office address of Unit 2401, Level 24, Index Tower, Dubai International Finance Centre, Dubai, 506855, United Arab Emirates  which is the parent company of the smallest and largest group to consolidate these financial statements.


25.


Events after reporting period

There were no material post balance sheet events.

 
Page 32