Centre of English Studies Limited iXBRL

Centre of English Studies Limited

Reports and Financial Statements

for the financial year ended 31 December 2024

Centre of English Studies Limited

DIRECTORS AND OTHER INFORMATION


Directors	Michael Quinn
	Justin Quinn
	Jonathan Quinn


Company Secretary	Michael Quinn


Company Registration Number	03669269


Registered Office and Business Address	12 Stoke Abbott Road
	Worthing
	West Sussex BN11 1HE
	England


Independent Auditors	Whiteside Cullinan
	Fleming Court
	Fleming’s Place
	Dublin 4


Bankers	NatWest Bank
	27 South Street
	Worthing
	West Sussex
	BN11 3AR
	England

Centre of English Studies Limited

STRATEGIC REPORT

for the financial year ended 31 December 2024

The directors present their strategic report on the company for the financial year ended 31 December 2024.

Review of the Company's Business

The company is principally involved in the business of teaching English to foreign students.

The directors are satisfied with the results of 2023 and the increase in income was in line with expectations.

Principal Risks and Uncertainties

The nature of company‘s operations exposes it to a variety of financial risks which include credit risk and foreign currency risk. The company response to these risks as noted below:

Credit Risk:
The company‘s credit risk is primarily attributable to its trade debtors. The company regards these as low risk.

Foreign Currency Risk:
The company is exposed to movements in exchange differences. The company monitors the foreign exchange market regularly.

Financial Key Performance Indicators

The company's key performance indicators are those that communicate the financial performance and strength of the company as a whole, these being income, operating profit, net profit, bank balances, and profit for the financial year as set out in the profit and loss account.

The directors review monthly management accounts which take into account these indicators together with a review of Trade Debtors balances.

Future Developments

The company plans to continue its present activities and current trading levels. Employees are kept as fully informed as practicable about developments within the business.

On behalf of the board

Michael Quinn

Director

Justin Quinn

Director


26 September 2025

Centre of English Studies Limited

DIRECTORS' REPORT

for the financial year ended 31 December 2024

The directors present their report and the audited financial statements for the financial year ended 31 December 2024.

Principal Activity

The company is principally involved in the business of teaching English to foreign students.

Results and Dividends

The profit for the financial year after providing for depreciation and taxation amounted to £298,069 (2023 - £230,091).

The directors do not recommend payment of a dividend.

Directors

The directors who served during the financial year are as follows:

Michael Quinn

Justin Quinn

Jonathan Quinn

There were no changes in shareholdings between 31 December 2024 and the date of signing the financial statements.

Statement of Directors' Responsibilities

The directors are responsible for preparing the Strategic Report, Directors' Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law) including FRS 102 “The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland”. Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and of the profit or loss of the company for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

-select suitable accounting policies and apply them consistently;

-make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

-prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Disclosure of Information to Auditor
Each persons who are directors at the date of approval of this report confirms that:
In so far as the directors are aware:
-there is no relevant audit information (information needed by the company's auditor in connection with preparing the auditor's report) of which the company's auditor is unaware, and
-the directors have taken all the steps that they ought to have taken to make themselves aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the company's auditor is aware of that information.

Auditors

The auditors, Whiteside Cullinan have indicated their willingness to continue in office in accordance with the provisions of Section 485 of the Companies Act 2006.

On behalf of the board

Michael Quinn

Director

Justin Quinn

Director

26 September 2025

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT

to the Shareholders of Centre of English Studies Limited

Report on the audit of the financial statements

Opinion

We have audited the financial statements of Centre of English Studies Limited ('the company') for the financial year ended 31 December 2024 which comprise the Profit and Loss Account, the Balance Sheet, the Reconciliation of Shareholders' Funds, the Cash Flow Statement and the related notes to the financial statements, including significant accounting policies set out in note . The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable Law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including FRS 102 “The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland” (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:
-give a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs as at 31 December 2024 and of its profit for the financial year then ended;
-have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and
-have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC's Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Other Information

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report other than the financial statements and our Auditor's Report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinion on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:

the information given in the Strategic Report and the Directors' Report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and

the Strategic Report and the Directors' Report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.

Matters on which we are required to report by exception

In the light of our knowledge and understanding of the company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified any material misstatements in the Strategic Report and the Directors' Report.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters where the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or

we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

Responsibilities of directors for the financial statements

The directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as they determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an Auditor's Report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:

Explanation as to what extent the audit was considered capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud

The objectives of our audit, in respect to fraud, are; to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements due to fraud; to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the assessed risks of material misstatement due to fraud, through designing and implementing appropriate responses; and to respond appropriately to fraud or suspected fraud identified during the audit. However, the primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud rests with both those charged with governance of the entity and management.

Our approach was as follows:

– The Primary audit team obtained an understanding of the legal and regulatory frameworks that are applicable to the Company and determined that the most significant are those that relate to the reporting framework (FRS 102 and the Companies Act 2006), the relevant tax compliance regulations in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates and the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

– We understood how the Company is complying with those frameworks by making enquiries of management, those responsible for legal and compliance procedures and the company secretary. We corroborated our enquiries through our review of board minutes, as well as consideration of the results of our audit procedures across the Company.

– We assessed the susceptibility of the Company’s financial statements to material misstatement, including how fraud might occur by meeting with management from various parts of the business to understand where it considered there was susceptibility to fraud; and assessing whistleblowing incidences for those with a potential financial reporting impact. We also considered performance targets and their propensity to influence on efforts made by management to manage revenue and earnings. We considered the programmes and controls that the Company has established to address risks identified, or that otherwise prevent, deter and detect fraud, and how senior management monitors those programmes and controls.

– Based on our understanding, our procedures involved: enquiries of management and those charged with governance; journal entry testing, with a focus on manual journals and journals indicating large or unusual transactions based on our understanding of the business; and challenging the assumptions and judgements made by management in respect of significant one-off transactions in the financial year and significant accounting estimates.

– Where the risk was considered to be higher, we performed audit procedures to address each identified fraud risk or other risk of material misstatement. These procedures included those on revenue recognition referred to in the key audit matter section above and testing manual journals and were designed to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements were free from fraud or error.

A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is contained in the appendix to this report, located at page , which is to be read as an integral part of our report.

Use of our report

This report is made solely to the company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company's members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company's members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

Alan McLean (Senior Statutory Auditor)

for and on behalf of

WHITESIDE CULLINAN

Chartered Accountants & Registered Auditors

Fleming Court

Fleming’s Place

Dublin 4

26 September 2025

Centre of English Studies Limited

APPENDIX TO THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT

Further information regarding the scope of our responsibilities as auditor

As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs (UK), we exercise professional judgement and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also:

Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.

Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the company's internal control.

Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by the directors.

Conclude on the appropriateness of the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our Auditor's Report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our Auditor's Report. However, future events or conditions may cause the company to cease to continue as a going concern.

Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.

We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

Centre of English Studies Limited

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

for the financial year ended 31 December 2024

	2024	2023
Notes	£	£

Turnover	3	12,906,529	11,042,387

Cost of sales		(9,519,511)	(7,844,556)
		─────────	─────────
Gross profit		3,387,018	3,197,831

Administrative expenses		(3,069,535)	(2,901,139)
		─────────	─────────
Operating profit	4	317,483	296,692

Interest receivable and similar income	5	53,287	48,266
Interest payable and similar expenses	6	23,265	(43,525)
		─────────	─────────
Profit before taxation		394,035	301,433

Tax on profit	8	(95,966)	(71,342)
		─────────	─────────
Profit for the financial year		298,069	230,091
		─────────	─────────
Total comprehensive income		298,069	230,091
		═════════	═════════

Centre of English Studies Limited

Company Registration Number: 03669269

BALANCE SHEET

as at 31 December 2024

		2024	2023
	Notes	£	£

Fixed Assets

Tangible assets

3,230,163

3,256,669

─────────

Current Assets

Debtors

688,584

656,618

Cash and cash equivalents

1,941,466

3,248,917

─────────

2,630,050

3,905,535

─────────

Creditors: amounts falling due within one year

(1,127,597)

(1,887,466)

─────────

Net Current Assets

1,502,453

2,018,069

─────────

Total Assets less Current Liabilities

4,732,616

5,274,738

Creditors:

amounts falling due after more than one year

(1,787,815)

(2,627,512)

Provisions for liabilities

(494)

─────────

Net Assets

2,944,801

2,646,732

═════════

Capital and Reserves

Called up share capital

100,000

100,000

Retained earnings

2,844,801

2,546,732

─────────

Equity attributable to owners of the company

2,944,801

2,646,732

═════════

Approved by the Board and authorised for issue on 26 September 2025 and signed on its behalf by

Michael Quinn

Director

Justin Quinn

Director

Centre of English Studies Limited

RECONCILIATION OF SHAREHOLDERS' FUNDS

as at 31 December 2024

	Called up	Retained	Total
	share	earnings
	capital
	£	£	£

At 1 January 2023	100,000	2,316,641	2,416,641
	─────────	─────────	─────────
Profit for the financial year	-	230,091	230,091
	─────────	─────────	─────────
At 31 December 2023	100,000	2,546,732	2,646,732
	─────────	─────────	─────────
Profit for the financial year	-	298,069	298,069
	─────────	─────────	─────────
At 31 December 2024	100,000	2,844,801	2,944,801
	═════════	═════════	═════════

Centre of English Studies Limited

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

for the financial year ended 31 December 2024

	2024	2023
Notes	£	£

Cash flows from operating activities

Profit for the financial year

298,069

230,091

Adjustments for:

Interest receivable and similar income

(53,287)

(48,266)

Interest payable and similar expenses

(23,265)

43,525

Tax on profit on ordinary activities

95,966

71,342

Depreciation

56,616

39,095

Amortisation of intangibles

182,524

─────────

374,099

518,311

Movements in working capital:

Movement in debtors

(21,200)

541,473

Movement in creditors

(1,256,142)

(124,633)

─────────

Cash (used in)/generated from operations

(903,243)

935,151

Interest paid

23,265

(43,525)

Tax paid

(75,652)

(8,717)

─────────

Net cash (used in)/generated from operating activities

(955,630)

882,909

─────────

Cash flows from investing activities

Interest received

53,287

48,266

Payments to acquire tangible assets

(30,108)

(40,449)

─────────

Net cash generated from investment activities

23,179

7,817

─────────

Cash flows from financing activities

Repayment of short term loan		(375,000)	(675,000)
		─────────	─────────

Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents		(1,307,451)	215,726
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of financial year		3,248,917	3,033,191
		─────────	─────────
Cash and cash equivalents at end of financial year	12	1,941,466	3,248,917
		═════════	═════════

Centre of English Studies Limited

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

for the financial year ended 31 December 2024

General Information

Centre of English Studies Limited is a company limited by shares incorporated and registered in the United Kingdom. The registered number of the company is 03669269. The registered office of the company is 12 Stoke Abbott Road, Worthing, West Sussex BN11 1HE, England which is also the principal place of business of the company. The nature of the company's operations and its principal activities are set out in the Directors' Report.

Currency

The financial statements have been presented in Pound (£) which is also the functional currency of the company.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The following accounting policies have been applied consistently in dealing with items which are considered material in relation to the company's financial statements.

Statement of compliance

The financial statements of the company for the year ended 31 December 2024 have been prepared in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) issued by the Financial Reporting Council and in accordance with the Companies Act 2006.

Basis of preparation

The financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis and in accordance with the historical cost convention except for certain properties and financial instruments that are measured at revalued amounts or fair values, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets.

Turnover

Turnover comprises of Tuition Fees received from the provision of teaching foreign students English together with related Exams Fees, Accommodation and Activities income. Turnover has been accounted for on an accruals basis.

Goodwill

Purchased goodwill arising on the acquisition of a business represents the excess of the acquisition cost over the fair value of the identifiable net assets including other intangible fixed assets when they were acquired. Purchased goodwill is capitalised in the Balance Sheet and amortised on a straight line basis over its economic useful life of 10 years, which is estimated to be the period during which benefits are expected to arise. On disposal of a business any goodwill not yet amortised is included in determining the profit or loss on sale of the business.

Tangible assets and depreciation

Tangible assets are stated at cost or at valuation, less accumulated depreciation. The charge to depreciation is calculated to write off the original cost or valuation of tangible assets, less their estimated residual value, over their expected useful lives as follows:

Freehold property

Not depreciated

Long leasehold property

10% Straight line

Computer equipment

33% Straight line

Fixtures, and fittings

15% Reducing balance

The carrying values of tangible fixed assets are reviewed annually for impairment in periods if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable.

Trade and other debtors

Trade and other debtors are initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost using the effective interest method less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts except where the effect of discounting would be immaterial. In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts.

Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs relating to the acquisition of assets are capitalised at the appropriate rate by adding them to the cost of assets being acquired. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on the assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation. All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

Trade and other creditors

Trade and other creditors are initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method, unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial, in which case they are stated at cost.

Taxation and deferred taxation

Current tax represents the amount expected to be paid or recovered in respect of taxable profits for the financial year and is calculated using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantially enacted at the Balance Sheet date.

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed at the balance sheet date where transactions or events have occurred at that date that will result in an obligation to pay more tax in the future, or a right to pay less tax in the future. Timing differences are temporary differences between the company‘s taxable profits and its results as stated in the financial statements. Deferred tax is measured on an undiscounted basis at the tax rates that are anticipated to apply in the periods in which the timing differences are expected to reverse, based on tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Foreign currencies

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates of exchange ruling at the Balance Sheet date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated at the rates of exchange ruling at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. The resulting exchange differences are dealt with in the Profit and Loss Account.

Ordinary share capital

The ordinary share capital of the company is presented as equity.

Turnover

An analysis of turnover by class of business and geographical market is not given as, in the opinion of the directors, this would be seriously prejudicial to the company's interest.


4.	Operating profit	2024	2023
		£	£
	Operating profit is stated after charging/(crediting):
	Depreciation of tangible assets	56,616	39,095
	Amortisation of goodwill	-	182,524
	Profit on foreign currencies	(70,568)	(36,658)
	Auditor's remuneration
	- audit services	7,290	6,960
		═════════	═════════


5.	Interest receivable and similar income	2024	2023
		£	£

	Bank interest	53,287	48,266
		═════════	═════════


6.	Interest payable and similar expenses	2024	2023
		£	£

	On bank loans and overdrafts	(23,265)	43,525
		═════════	═════════

Employees and remuneration

Number of employees

The average number of persons employed (including executive directors) during the financial year was as follows:

2024

2023

Number

Number

Administration & teaching

152

150

═════════

The staff costs comprise:

2024

2023

Wages and salaries

2,809,835

2,466,602

Pension costs

58,246

34,475

─────────

2,868,081

2,501,077

═════════

Tax on profit

2024

2023

(a) Analysis of charge in the financial year

Current tax:

Corporation tax at 25.00% (2023 - 25.00%) (Note 8 (b))

107,226

73,275

─────────

Deferred tax:

Origination and reversal of timing differences

(11,260)

(1,933)

─────────

Total deferred tax (Note 11)

(11,260)

(1,933)

═════════

Tax on profit (Note 8 (b))

95,966

71,342

═════════

(b) Factors affecting tax charge for the financial year

The tax assessed for the financial year differs from the standard rate of corporation tax in the United Kingdom 25.00% (2023 - 25.00%). The differences are explained below:

2024

2023

Profit taxable at 25.00%

394,035

301,433

═════════

Profit before tax

multiplied by the standard rate of corporation tax

in the United Kingdom at 25.00% (2023 - 25.00%)

98,509

75,358

Effects of:

Expenses not deductible for tax purposes

254

Depreciation in excess of capital allowances for period

8,717

2,341

Deferred tax

(11,260)

(1,933)

Effective change in tax rate from 19% to 25%

(4,678)

─────────

Total tax charge for the financial year (Note 8 (a))

95,966

71,342

═════════


9.	Intangible assets

		Goodwill
		£
	Cost
	At 1 January 2024	1,827,417
		─────────

	At 31 December 2024	1,827,417
		─────────
	Amortisation

	At 31 December 2024	1,827,417
		─────────
	Net book value
	At 31 December 2024	-
		═════════


10.	Tangible assets
		Freehold	Long	Computer	Fixtures,	Total
		property	leasehold	equipment	and fittings
			property
		£	£	£	£	£
	Cost
	At 1 January 2024	3,173,324	64,626	287,544	261,199	3,786,693
	Additions	-	-	23,206	6,902	30,108
		─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────
	At 31 December 2024	3,173,324	64,626	310,750	268,101	3,816,801
		─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────
	Depreciation
	At 1 January 2024	-	64,626	253,835	211,563	530,024
	Charge for the financial year	-	-	29,334	27,280	56,614
		─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────
	At 31 December 2024	-	64,626	283,169	238,843	586,638
		─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────	─────────
	Net book value
	At 31 December 2024	3,173,324	-	27,581	29,258	3,230,163
		═════════	═════════	═════════	═════════	═════════
	At 31 December 2023	3,173,324	-	33,709	49,636	3,256,669
		═════════	═════════	═════════	═════════	═════════

	No depreciation is provided for on Freehold Properties as the Directors believe that the residual value of the properties remains above their carrying value. Due to the nature of the business the properties have to be maintained at a high standard and the company has a maintenance programme to ensure the freehold properties retain their value. The Directors regularly review the property values for impairment.


11.	Debtors	2024	2023
		£	£

	Trade debtors	151,761	94,804
	Amounts owed by group undertakings	415,746	423,204
	Deferred tax asset	10,766	-
	Prepayments and accrued income	110,311	138,610
		─────────	─────────
		688,584	656,618
		═════════	═════════


12.	Cash and cash equivalents	2024	2023
		£	£

	Cash and bank balances	1,941,439	3,248,917
	Cash equivalents	27	-
		─────────	─────────
		1,941,466	3,248,917
		═════════	═════════


13.	Creditors	2024	2023
	Amounts falling due within one year	£	£

	Bank loan	-	375,000
	Trade creditors	900,026	990,087
	Taxation (Note 15)	139,791	226,546
	Accruals and deferred income	87,780	295,833
		─────────	─────────
		1,127,597	1,887,466
		═════════	═════════


14.	Creditors	2024	2023
	Amounts falling due after more than one year	£	£

	Amounts owed to group undertakings	1,787,815	2,627,512
		═════════	═════════


15.	Taxation	2024	2023
		£	£

	Creditors:
	VAT	-	1,175
	Corporation tax	104,851	73,275
	PAYE / NI	34,940	152,096
		─────────	─────────
		139,791	226,546
		═════════	═════════


16.	Provisions for liabilities

	The amounts provided for deferred taxation are analysed below:

		Capital	Total	Total
		allowances

			2024	2023
		£	£	£

	At financial year start	494	494	2,427
	Charged to profit and loss	(494)	(494)	(1,933)
		─────────	─────────	─────────
	At financial year end	-	-	494
		═════════	═════════	═════════


17.	Share capital			2024	2023
				£	£
	Description	Number of shares	Value of units

	Allotted, called up and fully paid
	Ordinary Shares	100,000	£1.00 each	100,000	100,000

				═════════	═════════

18.

Related party transactions

The company has availed of the exemption under FRS 102 Section 1A in relation to the disclosure of transactions with group undertakings.

During the year ended 31st December 2024, Centre of English Studies Limited paid, at arms length, £86,400 to the directors for rent of a property it occupies in Worthing, West Sussex.

19.

Parent company

The company regards Centre of English Languages Studies Limited, a company incorporated in Ireland, as its parent company.

The parent of the largest group in which the results are consolidated is Centre of English Language Studies Limited.

Centre of English Language Studies Limited is registered in Ireland.

20.

Post-Balance Sheet Events

There have been no significant events affecting the company since the financial year-end.


21	Reconciliation of Net Cash Flow to Movement in Net Debt
		Opening	Cash	Closing
		balance	flows	balance

		£	£	£
	Short-term borrowings	(375,000)	375,000	-
		─────────	─────────	─────────
	Total liabilities from financing activities	(375,000)	375,000	-
		═════════	═════════	─────────
	Total net debt			-
				═════════

22.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS

2024

2023

═════════

The Company has complied with all conditions relevant to the supports received.