Company registration number 09812682 (England and Wales)
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
COMPANY INFORMATION
Directors
C S Bowden
J S Stokes
Secretary
S Crawford
Company number
09812682
Registered office
151 Wardour Street
London
W1F 8WE
Auditor
Alliotts LLP
Manfield House
1 Southampton Street
London
WC2R 0LR
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
CONTENTS
Page
Strategic report
1 - 3
Directors' report
4 - 5
Directors' responsibilities statement
6
Independent auditor's report
7 - 10
Statement of comprehensive income
11
Balance sheet
12
Statement of changes in equity
13
Notes to the financial statements
14 - 23
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
STRATEGIC REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 1 -

The directors present the strategic report for the year ended 31 December 2024.

Review of the business

Principal activities

The principal activity of SQE Energy Limited (previously Squeaky Clean Energy Limited) is the supply of clean electricity to Industrial and Commercial (I&C) consumers of electricity.

There have not been any significant changes in the company’s principal activities during the year under review.

The C ompany's mission is to help accelerate the World’s transition to clean energy. SQE has been at the forefront of development of services that support I&C and public sector organisations on their net zero journey and products that enable generators and traders to actively participate in the I&C market.

S QE is committed to having a positive impact on society and the environment and as part of this commitment continued its certification as the only Industrial and Commercial (I&C) supplier certified as a BCorp.

Trading Performance

During 2024 the Group expanded the number of market participants by onboarding two of Europe’s largest power trading businesses. This increased market liquidity and product offerings for our wholesale and retail I&C customers which in turn drove some new client wins in SQE including a global telecoms company.

Lower wholesale power prices during 2024, competition from the CFD and increased levelized costs of energy for new to earth renewable projects meant that demand for corporate power purchase agreements fell sharply.

During the year, the business continued to invest in its trading and billing platform, SQE OS, introducing a number of enhancements designed to increase customer self-service and improve control and transparency over trading activity and costs. These investments have further strengthened the company’s operational leverage, supporting growth in customer numbers without a commensurate increase in the cost base for customers served by SQE.

During the period, company turnover increased from £115.4m in 202 3 to £128.1m in 202 4.

Gross Margin increased year on year to £0.6m in 202 4 from £0.5 m in 202 3 due to the increase in customer base and introduction of more profitable products.

Operating losses increased year on year with a loss of £3.06m during the year (202 3: £1.78m) despite the increase in revenue due to investment in the team to deliver the directors’ long-term strategy to be the leading supplier of energy supply products to the I&C market. Although underlying operating costs increased because of business expansion, a more significant contributor to the higher SQE Energy Limited operating cost in 2024 was the reallocation of overheads. In 2023, these overheads were primarily assigned to SQE Energy Trading Limited and SQE OS Technology Limited; however, they were redirected back to SQE Energy Limited in 2024 to reflect the growing scale of product and market expansion within the customer segment.

Balance sheet and working capital

The balance sheet for the year reflects a movement in payment terms of a key customer (2023 early payment) and business development with current net liabilities of £10.4 m (202 3: £7.8 m).

Debtors increased due to the timing of invoice collection towards the end of the year. Cash has decreased year on year at the financial year end in line with this timing difference in debtors. The provision for doubtful debts remains minimal at £0.1m (202 3: £0.1m) and wholly related to the legacy microbusiness base with historic debts recovered or written off post year end. This reflects the company’s low risk approach to credit control with most of the payment exposure covered by credit insurance and specific insurance policies in relation to our corporate customers.

Creditors increased year on year, reflecting the growing customer base.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 2 -

Principal risks and uncertainties

The C ompany faces a number of risks and uncertainties. The directors believe that the key risks are in respect of wholesale market prices, competition, and availability of credit cover.

Wholesale market prices

The C ompany operates a unique risk management approach that insulates it from exposure to changes in the wholesale market by transferring this risk to our Wholesale Counterparties. The addition of two new Wholesale Counterparties in the Group during the year provided not only additional liquidity on our platform but also enabled the C ompany to offer longer term deals and new products.

Competition

The C ompany operates in a highly competitive environment and I&C consumers are typically supplied under long term arrangements that generally come up for renewal every three years. Whilst SQE has a strong proposition, low cost operating model, and offers a number of unique products that deliver cost effective and low carbon energy supply, incumbent suppliers fight hard to retain customers.

Availability of credit insurance

SQE only takes on supply customers where we can obtain payment credit insurance. During 2024 we moved our credit insurance arrangements to a new provider which improved our pricing and flexibility.

Recovery of doubtful debts

The C ompany takes a low risk approach to doubtful debts with the vast majority of its potential exposure covered by credit insurance. The directors regularly review the C ompany’s remaining exposure and apply a prudent policy of provisioning for bad and doubtful debts.

Liquidity and cashflow

Liquidity and cashflow risk is the risk that the company will not be able to meet it’s financial obligations in the future as they fall due from it’s available cash resources. Detailed cashflow forecasts and analysis are prepared and reviewed by management on a weekly basis. Cashflow is monitored and controlled closely by management and the directors consider that the C ompany will meet it’s expected commitments in the foreseeable future from existing cash and future operating cashflows.

Key performance indicators

The management team responsible for the operation of the business uses a number of financial KPls in order to manage and develop the business to achieve the Company's strategic objectives. The Company has a wide range of metrics which are measured on a periodic basis.

The Company's main KPls include both financial targets which are reviewed periodically:

Financial KPls

Gross Margin % - Value from our contracts is regularly compared to forecasts and reviewed by management. The company achieved a gross margin of 0.4 8% during the period. This has increased from 0.40% achieved during 202 3 due to the increase in customer base and focus on more profitable products.

Operating profitability - The Company assesses operating profit as profit before tax and interest. During the year, the Company made an operating loss of £3.06m in the year (202 3 - £1.78 m) reflecting the i nvestment in developing our other renewable energy products.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 3 -
Future Developments

The events in Ukraine and the resulting power price volatility have fundamentally reshaped the UK energy industry and whilst power price volatility reduced significantly in 2024 liquidity, particularly along the forward curve, remains very low and market spreads high. Against this backdrop a supply platform that allows generators to cross that spread and sell directly to I&C buyers makes increasing sense. This massive market opportunity is not lost on the investment community and during 2024 the Group Board had several conversations with various investors which culminated in a decision in 2025 to proceed with a funding round with existing and new investors which closed recently and was oversubscribed, and the board took the decision to raise further capital from existing and new investors.

Section 172 (1) statement

Under s172 of the Companies Act 2006 directors of UK companies have a duty to promote the success of their company for the benefit of the members as a whole and, in doing so, have regard to:

- The likely consequences of any decision in the long term;

- The interests of the company's employees;

- The need to foster the company's business relationships with suppliers, customers and others;

- The impact of the company's operations on the community and the environment; and

- The desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct.

The Directors of Squeaky Clean Energy Limited consider the following areas to be of key importance in their fulfilment of this duty:

- Carrying out detailed planning and forecasting to ensure the ongoing financial safety of the business;

- Monitoring the business plan in order to control deviation and achieve continued growth;

- Seeking opportunities, by finding new locations to grow the business for the benefit of current and future employees, customers and suppliers as well as the wider UK economy;

- Supervising the overall strategy of the Company and maintaining the highest standards of integrity and honesty in the Company's dealing with employees, suppliers, the general public and local and national government; and

- Ensuring that we are vigilant in reducing the environmental impact of the business.

On behalf of the board

C S Bowden
Director
14 November 2025
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
DIRECTORS' REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 4 -

The directors present their annual report and financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2024.

Principal activities

The principal activity of the company continued to be that of the supply of electricity.

Results and dividends

The results for the year are set out on page 11.

SQE continued and is committed to having a positive impact on society and the environment and as part of this commitment continued its certification as the only industrial and commercial supplier certified as a B-Corp.

Directors

The directors who held office during the year and up to the date of signature of the financial statements were as follows:

C S Bowden
J S Stokes
Energy and carbon report

As the company has not consumed more than 40,000 kWh of energy in this reporting period, it qualifies as a low energy user under these regulations and is not required to report on its emissions, energy consumption or energy efficiency activities.

Statement of disclosure to auditor

So far as each person who was a director at the date of approving this report is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the company’s auditor is unaware. Additionally, the directors individually have taken all the necessary steps that they ought to have taken as directors in order to make themselves aware of all relevant audit information and to establish that the company’s auditor is aware of that information.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
DIRECTORS' REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 5 -
Going concern

The financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis as the Directors have assessed that there is a reasonable expectation that SQE will be able to continue in operation and meet its commitments as they fall due over the going concern period.

Like other energy suppliers, the key risk to the going concern basis of preparation is a lack of working capital to manage the seasonality of the business' cash flows. SQE as a part of the Group has developed a sophisticated cashflow analysis tool that enables it to forecast daily cash balances under various scenarios.

These scenarios are a combination of price and demand-based impacts reflecting changes in the wholesale market plus growth of our customer base over the coming year. In addition, the Company has flexible payment facilities and payment insurance cover or letters of credit for all its customers. The worst-case scenario test prudently assumes the retention of existing customers alongside a small number of new contract wins next year.

Looking to the future, SQE as part of the Group has performed a going concern review, forecasting out until at least 12 months beyond the date of signing the accounts considering both a base case and worst-case scenario using various externally provided scenarios. These scenarios are provided to Ofgem on a quarterly basis as part of their ongoing review into the financial stability of UK Energy suppliers. Having reviewed this forecast, and having applied various stress tests, the cash position of the Group remains sufficient to meet all commitments as they fall due without additional mitigations being implemented. That said, if the Directors felt it was necessary to reduce the Group's cash burn there are a number of mitigants that could be implemented that would not put the day-to-day operation of the business at risk.

The Group has demonstrated excellent progress in the development of its operating platform and this investment gives SQE as part of the wider business significant operating leverage enabling us to scale without a material increase in our operating costs.

Detailed cashflow modelling has been completed for SQE as part of the Group which has confirmed that there are sufficient funds in place to sustain operational targets for the immediate period. In addition, the Group continues to have the support of its investors and to attract interest from a number of institutional investors. The Group continues to weigh up its options and constantly review its capital requirements to meet its ambitious growth targets.

On behalf of the board
C S Bowden
Director
14 November 2025
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 6 -

The directors are responsible for preparing the annual report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law, the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and of the profit or loss of the company for that period.

In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

- select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

- make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

- state whether applicable UK Accounting Standards have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements; and

- prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT
TO THE MEMBER OF SQE ENERGY LIMITED
- 7 -
Opinion

We have audited the financial statements of SQE Energy Limited (the 'company') for the year ended 31 December 2024 which comprise the statement of comprehensive income, the balance sheet, the statement of changes in equity and notes to the financial statements, including significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

- give a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs as at 31 December 2024 and of its loss for the year then ended;

- have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and

- have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Emphasis of matter - Net liabilities

We draw attention to the Company’s net liability position of £10,419,072.

Due to the nature of the industry in which the Company operates, there are settlement timing differences on levies and similar charges made between customers and the government agencies on whose behalf the Company collects. These settlement terms are such that the Company is able to make use of the funds in supporting the Company’s ‘Net Liability’ position.

Whilst we are not aware of any changes to the current legislative framework that it would impact this Company’s funding arrangements, such changes cannot be precluded.

Our opinion is not modified in respect of this matter.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT
TO THE MEMBER OF SQE ENERGY LIMITED (CONTINUED)
- 8 -

Other information

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report other than the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.

We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of our audit:

- the information given in the strategic report and the directors' r eport for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and

- the strategic report and the directors' report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.

Matters on which we are required to report by exception

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identifie d material misstatements in the strategic report or the directors' r eport.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

- adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

- the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

- certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or

- we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

Responsibilities of directors

As explained more fully in the directors' r esponsibilities s tatement, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud, is detailed below.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT
TO THE MEMBER OF SQE ENERGY LIMITED (CONTINUED)
- 9 -
Extent to which the audit was considered capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud

Our approach to identifying and assessing the risks of material misstatement in respect of irregularities, including fraud and non-compliance with laws and regulations, was as follows:

- the engagement partner ensured that the engagement team collectively had the appropriate competence, capabilities and skills to identify or recognise non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations;

- we identified the laws and regulations applicable to the company through discussions with directors and other management, and from our commercial knowledge and experience of the green energy sector;

- we focused on specific laws and regulations which we considered may have a direct material effect on the financial statements or the operations of the company, including environmental legislation, renewable energy certification, electricity licensing and the Companies Act 2006, taxation legislation and data protection, anti-bribery, employment, and health and safety legislation;

- we assessed the extent of compliance with the laws and regulations identified above through making enquiries of management and inspecting legal and regulatory correspondence; and

- identified laws and regulations were communicated within the audit team regularly and the team remained alert to instances of non-compliance throughout the audit.

We assessed the susceptibility of the company’s financial statements to material misstatement, including obtaining an understanding of how fraud might occur, by:

- making enquiries of management as to where they considered there was susceptibility to fraud, their knowledge of actual, suspected and alleged fraud;

- considering the internal controls in place to mitigate risks of fraud and non-compliance with laws and regulations; and

- understanding the design of the company’s remuneration policies.

Audit response to risks identified

To address the risk of fraud through management bias and override of controls, we:

- performed analytical procedures to identify any unusual or unexpected relationships;

- tested journal entries to identify unusual transactions;

- assessed whether judgements and assumptions made in determining the accounting estimates were indicative of potential bias; and

- investigated the rationale behind significant or unusual transactions.

In response to the risk of irregularities and non-compliance with laws and regulations, we designed procedures which included, but were not limited to:

- agreeing financial statement disclosures to underlying supporting documentation; and

- enquiring of management as to actual and potential litigation and claims.

There are inherent limitations in our audit procedures described above. The more removed that laws and regulations are from financial transactions, the less likely it is that we would become aware of non-compliance. Auditing standards also limit the audit procedures required to identify non-compliance with laws and regulations to enquiry of the directors and other management and the inspection of regulatory and legal correspondence, if any.

Material misstatements that arise due to fraud can be harder to detect than those that arise from error as they may involve deliberate concealment or collusion.

A further description of our responsibilities is available on the Financial Reporting Council’s website at: https://www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our auditor's report.

Use of our report

This report is made solely to the company's member in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company's member those matters we are required to state to the member in an auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company's member, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT
TO THE MEMBER OF SQE ENERGY LIMITED (CONTINUED)
- 10 -
Christopher Mantel (Senior Statutory Auditor)
For and on behalf of Alliotts LLP, Statutory Auditor
Chartered Accountants
Manfield House
1 Southampton Street
London
WC2R 0LR
14 November 2025
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 11 -
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
Turnover
3
128,072,163
115,425,412
Cost of sales
(127,457,141)
(114,960,716)
Gross profit
615,022
464,696
Administrative expenses
(3,677,814)
(2,240,789)
Operating loss
4
(3,062,792)
(1,776,093)
Interest receivable and similar income
406,327
218,973
Loss before taxation
(2,656,465)
(1,557,120)
Tax on loss
8
(1,982)
-
0
Loss for the financial year
(2,658,447)
(1,557,120)

The profit and loss account has been prepared on the basis that all operations are continuing operations.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
BALANCE SHEET
AS AT
31 DECEMBER 2024
31 December 2024
- 12 -
2024
2023
Notes
£
£
£
£
Fixed assets
Tangible assets
9
19,454
17,519
Current assets
Debtors
10
24,254,286
18,453,174
Cash at bank and in hand
6,251,898
13,017,670
30,506,184
31,470,844
Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
11
(40,944,710)
(39,248,988)
Net current liabilities
(10,438,526)
(7,778,144)
Net liabilities
(10,419,072)
(7,760,625)
Capital and reserves
Called up share capital
13
175
175
Share premium account
2,376,141
2,376,141
Profit and loss reserves
(12,795,388)
(10,136,941)
Total equity
(10,419,072)
(7,760,625)
The financial statements were approved by the board of directors and authorised for issue on 14 November 2025 and are signed on its behalf by:
C S Bowden
Director
Company registration number 09812682 (England and Wales)
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 13 -
Share capital
Share premium account
Profit and loss reserves
Total
£
£
£
£
Balance at 1 January 2023
175
2,376,141
(8,579,821)
(6,203,505)
Year ended 31 December 2023:
Loss and total comprehensive income
-
-
(1,557,120)
(1,557,120)
Balance at 31 December 2023
175
2,376,141
(10,136,941)
(7,760,625)
Year ended 31 December 2024:
Loss and total comprehensive income
-
-
(2,658,447)
(2,658,447)
Balance at 31 December 2024
175
2,376,141
(12,795,388)
(10,419,072)
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 14 -
1
Accounting policies
Company information

SQE Energy Limited is a private company limited by shares incorporated in England and Wales. The registered office is 151 Wardour Street, London, W1F 8WE.

1.1
Accounting convention

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with FRS 102 “The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland” (“FRS 102”) and the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

The financial statements are prepared in sterling, which is the functional currency of the company. Monetary a mounts in these financial statements are rounded to the nearest £.

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention. The principal accounting policies adopted are set out below.

This company is a qualifying entity for the purposes of FRS 102, being a member of a group where the parent of that group prepares publicly available consolidated financial statements, including this company, which are intended to give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss of the group. T he company has therefore taken advantage of e xemptions from the following disclosure requirements:

- Section 7 ‘Statement of Cash Flows’: Presentation of a statement of cash flow and related notes and disclosures;

- Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments’ and Section 12 ‘Other Financial Instrument Issues: Interest income/expense and net gains/losses for financial instruments not measured at fair value; basis of determining fair values; details of collateral, loan defaults or breaches, details of hedges, hedging fair value changes recognised in profit or loss and in other comprehensive income;

- Section 26 ‘Share based Payment’: Share-based payment expense charged to profit or loss, reconciliation of opening and closing number and weighted average exercise price of share options, how the fair value of options granted was measured, measurement and carrying amount of liabilities for cash-settled share-based payments, explanation of modifications to arrangements;

- Section 33 ‘Related Party Disclosures’: Compensation for key management personnel.

The financial statements of the company are consolidated in the financial statements of SQE Energy Group Limited (previously named Squeaky Clean Energy Group Limited). These consolidated financial statements are available from its registered office, 151 Wardour Street, London, England, W1F 8WE.

1.2
Going concern

At the time of approving the financial statements, the directors have a reasonable expectation that the company as part of the group has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Thus the directors continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements.

Like other energy suppliers, the key risk to the going concern basis of preparation is a lack of working capital to manage the seasonality of the business' cash flows. SQE as a part of the Group has developed a sophisticated cashflow analysis tool that enables it to forecast daily cash balances under various scenarios.

These scenarios are a combination of price and demand-based impacts reflecting changes in the wholesale market plus growth of our customer base over the coming year. In addition, the Company has flexible payment facilities and payment insurance cover or letters of credit for all its customers. The worst-case scenario test prudently assumes the retention of existing customers alongside a small number of new contract wins next year.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
1
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 15 -

Looking to the future, SQE as part of the Group has performed a going concern review, forecasting out until at least 12 months beyond the date of signing the accounts considering both a base case and worst-case scenario using various externally provided scenarios. These scenarios are provided to Ofgem on a quarterly basis as part of their ongoing review into the financial stability of UK Energy suppliers. Having reviewed this forecast, and having applied various stress tests, the cash position of the Group remains sufficient to meet all commitments as they fall due without additional mitigations being implemented. That said, if the Directors felt it was necessary to reduce the Group's cash burn there are a number of mitigants that could be implemented that would not put the day-to-day operation of the business at risk.

The Group has demonstrated excellent progress in the development of its operating platform and this investment gives SQE as part of the wider business significant operating leverage enabling us to scale without a material increase in our operating costs.

Detailed cashflow modelling has been completed for SQE as part of the Group which has confirmed that there are sufficient funds in place to sustain operational targets for the immediate period. In addition, the Group continues to have the support of its investors and to attract interest from a number of institutional investors. The Group continues to weigh up its options and constantly review its capital requirements to meet its ambitious growth targets.

1.3
Turnover

Turnover is recognised at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for services provided in the normal course of business, and is shown net of VAT and other sales related taxes. The fair value of consideration takes into account trade discounts, settlement discounts and volume rebates.

Turnover is recognised on a monthly basis according to consumption volumes.

1.4
Tangible fixed assets

Tangible fixed assets are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost or valuation, net of depreciation and any impairment losses.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost or valuation of assets less their residual values over their useful lives on the following bases:

Plant and equipment
25% straight line

The gain or loss arising on the disposal of an asset is determined as the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the asset, and is credited or charged to profit or loss.

1.5
Impairment of fixed assets

At each reporting period end date, the company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
1
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 16 -

Recognised impairment losses are reversed if, and only if, the reasons for the impairment loss have ceased to apply. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.

1.6
Cash at bank and in hand

Cash and cash equivalents are basic financial assets and include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.

1.7
Financial instruments

The company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments’ and Section 12 ‘Other Financial Instruments Issues’ of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.

Financial instruments are recognised in the company's balance sheet when the company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset, with the net amounts presented in the financial statements, when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Basic financial assets

Basic financial assets, which include debtors and cash and bank balances, are initially measured at transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial assets classified as receivable within one year are not amortised.

Other financial assets

Other financial assets, including investments in equity instruments which are not subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures, are initially measured at fair value, which is normally the transaction price. Such assets are subsequently carried at fair value and the changes in fair value are recognised in profit or loss, except that investments in equity instruments that are not publicly traded and whose fair values cannot be measured reliably are measured at cost less impairment.

Impairment of financial assets

Financial assets, other than those held at fair value through profit and loss, are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting end date.

Financial assets are impaired where there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows have been affected. If an asset is impaired, the impairment loss is the difference between the carrying amount and the present value of the estimated cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. The impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.

If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is such that the current carrying amount does not exceed what the carrying amount would have been, had the impairment not previously been recognised. The impairment reversal is recognised in profit or loss.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
1
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 17 -
Derecognition of financial assets

Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or are settled, or when the company transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity, or if some significant risks and rewards of ownership are retained but control of the asset has transferred to another party that is able to sell the asset in its entirety to an unrelated third party.

Classification of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities.

Basic financial liabilities

Basic financial liabilities, including creditors, are initially recognised at transaction price unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the future paymen ts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial liabilities classified as payable within one year are not amortised.

Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.

Trade creditors are obligations to pay for services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. A m ounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are recognised initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Other financial liabilities

Derivatives, including interest rate swaps and forward foreign exchange contracts, are not basic financial instruments. Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and are s ubsequently re-measured at their fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognised in profit or loss in finance costs or finance income as appropriate, unless hedge accounting is applied and the hedge is a cash flow hedge.

Debt instruments that do not meet the conditions in FRS 102 paragraph 11.9 are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. Debt instruments may be designated as being measured at fair value th r ough profit or loss to eliminate or reduce an accounting mismatch or if the instruments are measured and their performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are derecognised when the company’s contractual obligations expire or are discharged or cancelled.

1.8
Equity instruments

Equity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of transaction costs. Dividends payable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the discretion of the company.

1.9
Taxation

The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the profit and loss account because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The company’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting end date.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
1
Accounting policies
(Continued)
- 18 -
1.10
Employee benefits

The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be recognised as part of the cost of stock or fixed assets.

The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee’s services are received.

Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.

1.11
Retirement benefits

Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are charged as an expense as they fall due.

1.12
Foreign exchange

Transactions in currencies other than pounds sterling are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At each reporting end date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the reporting end date. Gains and losses arising on translation in the period are included in profit or loss.

2
Judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty

In the application of the company’s accounting policies, the directors are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised where the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods where the revision affects both current and future periods.

Key sources of estimation uncertainty

The estimates and assumptions which have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities are as follows.

Revenue recognition

Revenue includes an estimate of the sales value of units supplied to customers between the date of the last meter reading and the period end. This is calculated by reference to the data received through third party settlement systems, together with estimates of consumption not yet processed through settlements and selling price estimates. These estimates are sensitive to the assumptions used in determining the portion of sales not billed and based on meter readings at the reporting date.

Cost of Sales accruals

SQE Energy Limited applies critical judgements and estimates in financial reporting, particularly in calculating key costs such as Commodity, Balancing Services Use of System (BSUoS), Transmission Network Use of System (TNUoS), Distribution Use of System (DUoS), Capacity Market (CM), Feed-in-Tariff (FiT), Contracts for Difference (CfD), Renewable Obligations (RO), and Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin (REGO). Estimates are based on market data, regulatory frameworks, and historical patterns. For Commodity costs, forecasts include wholesale price trends and hedging outcomes, while BSUoS, TNUoS, and DUoS costs are based on network operator charges. CM costs reflect forecasted auction results and supplier obligations, and FiT, CfD, and RO liabilities are calculated based on generation volumes and regulated rates. REGO estimates are informed by renewable energy production and market pricing.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 19 -
3
Turnover and other revenue

The company has one class of turnover, that being the supply of electricity, and one geographical market, the UK.

2024
2023
£
£
Turnover
Supply of clean electricity
128,072,163
115,425,412
2024
2023
£
£
Other significant revenue
Interest income
406,327
218,973
4
Operating loss
2024
2023
Operating loss for the year is stated after charging:
£
£
Exchange losses
732
56,241
Depreciation of tangible fixed assets
8,239
8,826
5
Auditor's remuneration
2024
2023
Fees payable to the company's auditor and associates:
£
£
For audit services
Audit of the financial statements of the company
38,000
35,000
For other services
Taxation compliance services
3,500
3,000
All other non-audit services
3,500
3,000
7,000
6,000
6
Employees

The average monthly number of persons (including directors) employed by the company during the year was:

2024
2023
Number
Number
Management
4
4
Admin
11
10
Total
15
14
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
6
Employees
(Continued)
- 20 -

Their aggregate remuneration comprised:

2024
2023
£
£
Wages and salaries
1,375,013
581,198
Social security costs
158,743
63,006
Pension costs
47,727
30,068
1,581,483
674,272

The primary reason for the SQE Energy Limited year-on-year increases to salaries and directors' remuneration was the basis of overhead allocation.

In 2023, these overheads were primarily assigned to SQE Trading Limited and SQE OS Technology Limited; however, they were redirected back to SQE Energy Limited in 2024 to reflect the growing scale of product and market expansion within the customer segment.

7
Directors' remuneration
2024
2023
£
£
Remuneration for qualifying services
296,777
103,489
Company pension contributions to defined contribution schemes
11,765
2,387
308,542
105,876

The number of directors for whom retirement benefits are accruing under defined contribution schemes amounted to 2 (2023 - 2).

Remuneration disclosed above include the following amounts paid to the highest paid director:
2024
2023
£
£
Remuneration for qualifying services
181,731
-
Company pension contributions to defined contribution schemes
7,000
-
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 21 -
8
Taxation
2024
2023
£
£
Current tax
UK corporation tax on profits for the current period
1,982
-
0

The actual charge for the year can be reconciled to the expected credit for the year based on the profit or loss and the standard rate of tax as follows:

2024
2023
£
£
Loss before taxation
(2,656,465)
(1,557,120)
Expected tax credit based on the standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of 25.00% (2023: 23.50%)
(664,116)
(365,923)
Tax effect of expenses that are not deductible in determining taxable profit
17,405
22,114
Unutilised tax losses carried forward
651,237
344,658
Permanent capital allowances in excess of depreciation
(2,544)
(849)
Taxation charge for the year
1,982
-

The company has carried forward tax losses of £10,724,266 (202 3: £7,998,573). A deferred tax asset has not been recognised as it is not considered sufficiently probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of future taxable profits.

9
Tangible fixed assets
Plant and equipment
£
Cost
At 1 January 2024
52,027
Additions
10,174
At 31 December 2024
62,201
Depreciation and impairment
At 1 January 2024
34,508
Depreciation charged in the year
8,239
At 31 December 2024
42,747
Carrying amount
At 31 December 2024
19,454
At 31 December 2023
17,519
SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 22 -
10
Debtors
2024
2023
Amounts falling due within one year:
£
£
Trade debtors
9,865,625
14,677,154
Corporation tax recoverable
14,396
14,396
Amounts owed by group undertakings
3,541,622
2,931,814
Other debtors
1,391,643
799,789
Prepayments and accrued income
9,441,000
30,021
24,254,286
18,453,174

The company utilises an invoice discounting facility on a proportion of the trade receivables and the facility is secured against those trade receivable balances. As at the year-end there was £nil outstanding.

11
Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
2024
2023
£
£
Trade creditors
6,785,121
6,746,445
Amounts owed to group undertakings
1,561,561
432,000
Taxation and social security
2,398,374
2,748,132
Other creditors
221,203
28,301
Accruals and deferred income
29,978,451
29,294,110
40,944,710
39,248,988
12
Retirement benefit schemes
2024
2023
Defined contribution schemes
£
£
Charge to profit or loss in respect of defined contribution schemes
47,727
30,068

The company operates a defined contribution pension scheme for all qualifying employees. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the company in an independently administered fund.

13
Share capital
2024
2023
2024
2023
Ordinary share capital
Number
Number
£
£
Issued and fully paid
Ordinary shares of 0.01p each
1,673,318
1,673,318
167
167
Ordinary A shares of 0.01p each
78,941
78,941
8
8
1,752,259
1,752,259
175
175

The shares rank pari passu in all respects except that the directors may at any time resolve to declare a dividend on one class of shares and not the other class and to pay different amounts of dividends on each class.

SQE ENERGY LIMITED
(PREVIOUSLY SQUEAKY CLEAN ENERGY LIMITED)
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024
- 23 -
14
Related party transactions
Transactions with related parties

The company has taken advantage of the exemption available in Paragraph 33.1A of FRS102 whereby it has not disclosed transactions with other companies that are wholly owned within the Group.

The following amounts were outstanding at the reporting end date:

2024
2023
Amounts due to related parties
£
£
Other related parties
1,561,561
432,000

The following amounts were outstanding at the reporting end date:

2024
2023
Amounts due from related parties
£
£
Other related parties
3,541,622
2,931,814

The other related parties are fellow subsidiary undertakings of the group the entity belongs to.

15
Directors' transactions

In 2019 a loan was made at market rate to an employee who subsequently became a director.

Interest has been charged on this loan in line with the rate agreed.

Along with other expenses paid for by the company on behalf of the directors, the balance owed by the directors is £72,736 as at 31 December 202 4 (20 23: £70,040).

16
Ultimate controlling party

The immediate and ultimate parent company is SQE Energy Group Limited (previously named Squeaky Clean Energy Group Limited), a company registered at 151 Wardour Street, London, England, W1F 8WE.

In the opinion of the directors no one person has overall control.

The smallest and largest group into which the entity is consolidated is headed by SQE Energy Group Limited. Copies of the accounts can be obtained from the above address.

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