The company enters into basic financial instruments that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like
trade and other accounts receivable and payable, loans from banks and other third parties and loans to related parties.
a) Trade and other debtors
Trade and other debtors are initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost using the effective
interest method, less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts except where the effect of discounting would be
immaterial. In such cases, the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts.
b) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and in hand.
c) Impairment of financial assets
Financial assets that are measured at cost and amortised cost are assessed at the end of each reporting period for
objective evidence of impairment. If objective evidence of impairment is found, an impairment loss is recognised in
profit or loss.
For financial assets measured at amortised cost, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an asset's
carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the asset's original effective interest
rate. If a financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current
effective interest rate determined under the contract.
For financial assets measured at cost less impairment, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an
asset's carrying amount and the best estimate, which is an approximation, of the amount that the company would
receive for the asset if it were to be sold at the reporting date.
d) Trade and other creditors
Debt instruments like loans and other accounts payable are initially measured at present value of the future payments
and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Debt instruments that are payable within one
year, typically trade payables, are measured, initially and subsequently, at the undiscounted amount of the cash or
other consideration expected to be paid. However, if the arrangements of a short-term instrument constitute a
financing transaction, like the payment of a trade debt deferred beyond normal business terms or financed at a rate of
interest that is not a market rate or in case of an outright short-term loan not at market rate, the financial asset is
measured, initially and subsequently, at the present value of the future payments discounted at a market rate of
interest for a similar debt instrument.
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the statement of financial position when there
is an enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise
the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.