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Registered number: 07798911
Clinicology Ltd.
Directors' report and financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Clinicology Ltd.
Company Information
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Clinicology Ltd.
Contents
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Independent auditor's report
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Statement of comprehensive income
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Statement of changes in equity
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Notes to the financial statements
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The following pages do not form part of the statutory financial statements:
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Detailed profit and loss account and summaries
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Clinicology Ltd.
Directors' report
For the year ended 31 December 2025
The directors present their report and the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025.
Directors' responsibilities statement
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The directors are responsible for preparing the Directors' report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.
Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice), including Financial Reporting Standard 102 ‘The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland'. Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and of the profit or loss of the Company for that period.
In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:
∙select suitable accounting policies for the Company's financial statements and then apply them consistently;
∙make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;
∙prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Company will continue in business.
The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Company and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.
The directors who served during the year were:
Disclosure of information to auditor
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Each of the persons who are directors at the time when this Directors' report is approved has confirmed that:
∙so far as the director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Company's auditor is unaware, and
∙the director has taken all the steps that ought to have been taken as a director in order to be aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the Company's auditor is aware of that information.
The audit registration of Kreston Reeves LLP was transferred to Kreston Reeves Audit LLP on 6 October 2025. Kreston Reeves Audit LLP were formally appointed as auditor to the company on 6 October 2025.
The auditor, Kreston Reeves Audit LLP, will be proposed for reappointment in accordance with section 485 of the Companies Act 2006.
Page 1
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Clinicology Ltd.
Directors' report (continued)
For the year ended 31 December 2025
In preparing this report, the directors have taken advantage of the small companies exemptions provided by section 415A of the Companies Act 2006.
This report was approved by the board and signed on its behalf.
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M Thomas
Director
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Page 2
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Clinicology Ltd.
Independent auditor's report to the members of Clinicology Ltd.
We have audited the financial statements of Clinicology Ltd. (the 'Company') for the year ended 31 December 2025, which comprise the Statement of comprehensive income, the Balance sheet, the Statement of changes in equity and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 ‘The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland' (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).
In our opinion the financial statements:
∙give a true and fair view of the state of the Company's affairs as at 31 December 2025 and of its profit for the year then ended;
∙have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and
∙have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.
We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the United Kingdom, including the Financial Reporting Council's Ethical Standard and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.
Conclusions relating to going concern
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In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.
Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.
Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.
The other information comprises the information included in the Annual Report other than the financial statements and our Auditor's report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the Annual Report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.
We have nothing to report in this regard.
Page 3
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Clinicology Ltd.
Independent auditor's report to the members of Clinicology Ltd. (continued)
Opinion on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006
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In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:
∙the information given in the Directors' report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and
∙the Directors' report has been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.
Matters on which we are required to report by exception
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In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the Company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the Directors' report.
We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:
∙adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or
∙the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or
∙certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or
∙we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit; or
∙the directors were not entitled to prepare the financial statements in accordance with the small companies regime and take advantage of the small companies' exemptions in preparing the Directors' report and from the requirement to prepare a Strategic report.
Responsibilities of directors
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As explained more fully in the Directors' responsibilities statement set out on page 1, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.
Page 4
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Clinicology Ltd.
Independent auditor's report to the members of Clinicology Ltd. (continued)
Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements
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Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an Auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.
Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:
Capability of the audit in detecting irregularities, including fraud
Based on our understanding of the company and industry, and through discussion with the directors and other management (as required by auditing standards), we identified that the principal risks of non-compliance with laws and regulations related to health and safety and employment law. We considered the extent to which non-compliance might have a material effect on the financial statements. We also considered those laws and regulations that have a direct impact on the preparation of the financial statements such as the Companies Act 2006 and taxation legislation. We communicated identified laws and regulations throughout our team and remained alert to any indications of non-compliance throughout the audit. We evaluated management's incentives and opportunities for fraudulent manipulation of the financial statements (including the risk of override of controls), and determined that the principal risks were related to posting inappropriate journal entries to increase revenue or reduce expenditure, and management bias in accounting estimates and judgemental areas of the financial statements. Audit procedures performed by the engagement team included:
∙Discussions with management and assessment of known or suspected instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations and fraud, and review of reports made by management; and
∙Assessment of identified fraud risk factors; and
∙Identifying and assessing the design effectiveness of controls that management has in place to prevent and detect fraud; and
∙Challenging assumptions and judgements made by management in its significant accounting estimates; and
∙Confirmation of related parties with management, and review of transactions throughout the period to identify any previously undisclosed transactions with related parties outside the normal course of business; and
∙Performing analytical procedures with automated data analytics tools to identify any unusual or unexpected relationships, including related party transactions, that may indicate risks of material misstatement due to fraud; and
∙Reading minutes of meetings of those charged with governance; and
∙Review of significant and unusual transactions and evaluation of the underlying financial rationale supporting the transactions; and
∙Identifying and testing journal entries, in particular any manual entries made at the period end for financial statement preparation.
Because of the inherent limitations of an audit, there is a risk that we will not detect all irregularities, including those leading to a material misstatement in the financial statements or non-compliance with regulation. This risk increases the more that compliance with a law or regulation is removed from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, as we will be less likely to become aware of instances of non-compliance.
Page 5
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Clinicology Ltd.
Independent auditor's report to the members of Clinicology Ltd. (continued)
As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs (UK), we exercise professional judgement and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also:
∙Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
∙Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control.
∙Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by the directors.
∙Conclude on the appropriateness of the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our Auditor's report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our Auditor's report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.
∙Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.
This report is made solely to the Company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Company's members those matters we are required to state to them in an Auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company and the Company's members, as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.
Allan Pinner FCCA (Senior statutory auditor)
for and on behalf of
Kreston Reeves Audit LLP
Statutory Auditor
Horsham
12 May 2026
Page 6
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Clinicology Ltd.
Statement of comprehensive income
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Interest receivable and similar income
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Interest payable and similar expenses
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Profit for the financial year
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There were no recognised gains and losses for 2025 or 2024 other than those included in the statement of comprehensive income.
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The notes on pages 10 to 17 form part of these financial statements.
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Page 7
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Clinicology Ltd.
Registered number: 07798911
Balance sheet
As at 31 December 2025
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Debtors: amounts falling due within one year
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Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
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Total assets less current liabilities
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Provisions for liabilities
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The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions applicable to companies subject to the small companies regime and in accordance with the provisions of FRS 102 Section 1A - small entities.
The financial statements were approved and authorised for issue by the board and were signed on its behalf on 12 May 2026.
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M Thomas
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The notes on pages 10 to 17 form part of these financial statements.
Page 8
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Clinicology Ltd.
Statement of changes in equity
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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At 1 November 2023 (as previously stated)
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At 1 November 2023 (as restated)
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The notes on pages 10 to 17 form part of these financial statements.
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Page 9
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
The company is a private company limited by share capital, incorporated in England and Wales.
The address of its registered office is:
The Annexe Saxon House
Castle Street
Guildford
Surrey
GU1 3UW
2.Accounting policies
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Basis of preparation of financial statements
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The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention unless otherwise specified within these accounting policies and in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 102, the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and the Republic of Ireland and the requirements and the Companies Act 2006. The disclosure requirements of Section 1A of FRS 102 have been applied other than where additional disclosure is required to show a true and fair view.
The financial statements are presented in sterling, which is the functional currency of the company, and rounded to the nearest £1.
The following principal accounting policies have been applied:
Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured. Revenue is measured as the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, excluding discounts, rebates, value added tax and other sales taxes. The following criteria must also be met before revenue is recognised:
Rendering of services
Revenue from a contract to provide services is recognised in the period in which the services are provided in accordance with the stage of completion of the contract when all of the following conditions are satisfied:
∙the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;
∙it is probable that the Company will receive the consideration due under the contract;
∙the stage of completion of the contract at the end of the reporting period can be measured reliably; and
∙the costs incurred and the costs to complete the contract can be measured reliably.
Tangible fixed assets under the cost model are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
Page 10
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
2.Accounting policies (continued)
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Tangible fixed assets (continued)
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Depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of assets less their residual value over their estimated useful lives, using the straight-line method.
Depreciation is provided on the following basis:
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Furniture, fittings and equipment
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The assets' residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted prospectively if appropriate, or if there is an indication of a significant change since the last reporting date.
Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognised in profit or loss.
Short-term debtors are measured at transaction price, less any impairment. Loans receivable are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment.
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Cash and cash equivalents
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Cash is represented by cash in hand and deposits with financial institutions repayable without penalty on notice of not more than 24 hours. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that mature in no more than three months from the date of acquisition and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with insignificant risk of change in value.
The Company only enters into basic financial instrument transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities such as trade and other debtors and creditors, loans from banks and other third parties, loans to related parties and investments in ordinary shares.
Short-term creditors are measured at the transaction price. Other financial liabilities, including bank loans, are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Finance costs are charged to profit or loss over the term of the debt using the effective interest method so that the amount charged is at a constant rate on the carrying amount. Issue costs are initially recognised as a reduction in the proceeds of the associated capital instrument.
Equity dividends are recognised when they become legally payable. Interim equity dividends are recognised when paid. Final equity dividends are recognised when approved by the shareholders at an annual general meeting.
Page 11
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
2.Accounting policies (continued)
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Foreign currency translation
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Functional and presentation currency
The Company's functional and presentational currency is GBP.
Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the spot exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.
At each period end foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate. Non-monetary items measured at historical cost are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction and non-monetary items measured at fair value are measured using the exchange rate when fair value was determined.
Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of transactions and from the translation at period-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in profit or loss except when deferred in other comprehensive income as qualifying cash flow hedges.
All foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in profit or loss within 'administrative expenses'.
Defined contribution pension plan
The Company operates a defined contribution plan for its employees. A defined contribution plan is a pension plan under which the Company pays fixed contributions into a separate entity. Once the contributions have been paid the Company has no further payment obligations.
The contributions are recognised as an expense in profit or loss when they fall due. Amounts not paid are shown in accruals as a liability in the Balance sheet. The assets of the plan are held separately from the Company in independently administered funds.
Interest income is recognised in profit or loss using the effective interest method.
Page 12
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
2.Accounting policies (continued)
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Current and deferred taxation
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The tax expense for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in profit or loss except that a charge attributable to an item of income and expense recognised as other comprehensive income or to an item recognised directly in equity is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.
The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company operates and generates income.
Deferred tax balances are recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed by the balance sheet date, except that:
∙The recognition of deferred tax assets is limited to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits; and
∙Any deferred tax balances are reversed if and when all conditions for retaining associated tax allowances have been met.
Deferred tax balances are not recognised in respect of permanent differences except in respect of business combinations, when deferred tax is recognised on the differences between the fair values of assets acquired and the future tax deductions available for them and the differences between the fair values of liabilities acquired and the amount that will be assessed for tax. Deferred tax is determined using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
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Judgements in applying accounting policies and key sources of estimation uncertainty
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Management have not applied any significant judgement or estimates in the preparation of these financial statements.
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During the year, the Company obtained the following services from the Company's auditor:
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Fees payable to the Company's auditor for the audit of the Company's financial statements
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Fees payable to the Company's auditor for non-audit services
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The average monthly number of employees, including directors, during the year was 7 (2024 - 7).
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Page 13
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Current tax on profits for the year
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Adjustments in respect of previous periods
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Origination and reversal of timing differences
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Factors affecting tax charge for the year/period
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There were no factors that affected the tax charge for the year/period which has been calculated on the profits on ordinary activities before tax at the standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of25% (2024 -25%).
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Page 14
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Furniture, fittings and equipment
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Charge for the year on owned assets
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Amounts owed by group undertakings
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Page 15
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year
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Amounts owed to group undertakings
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Taxation and social security
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Payments received on account
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The provision for deferred taxation is made up as follows:
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Accelerated capital allowances
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Tax losses carried forward
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Allotted, called up and fully paid
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2 (2024 - 2) Ordinary shares of £1.00 each
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1 (2024 - 1) Ordinary A share of £1.00
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1 (2024 - 1) Ordinary B share of £1.00
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Page 16
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Clinicology Ltd.
Notes to the financial statements
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Commitments under operating leases
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At 31 December 2025 the Company had future minimum lease payments due under non-cancellable operating leases for each of the following periods:
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Later than 1 year and not later than 5 years
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For the year ended 31 December 2025, the Company has made lease payments relating to operating leases of £26,500 (2024 - £3,049).
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Related party transactions
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The Company has taken the exemption under FRS 102, Section 33 Related Party Disclosures paragraph 33.1A, whereby the company is not required to disclose transactions with other wholly owned subsidiaries and members of the group.
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The ultimate controlling party is FGK Clinical Research GmbH. The registered office address of the parent is FGK Clinical Research GmbH, Heimeranstrasse 35, 80339 Munich, Germany.
Page 17
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Clinicology Ltd.
Detailed profit and loss account
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Tax on profit on ordinary activities
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Profit for the year/period
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Page 18
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Clinicology Ltd.
Schedule to the detailed accounts
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Staff pension costs - defined contribution scheme
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Page 19
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Clinicology Ltd.
Schedule to the detailed accounts
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Directors national insurance
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Directors pension costs - defined contribution schemes
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Wages and salaries (excluding directors)
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Staff pension costs - defined contribution schemes
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Printing, postage and stationary
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Computer software and maintenance costs
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Legal and professional fees
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Foreign currency (gains)/losses
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Depreciation - motor vehicles
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Depreciation - furniture, fittings and equipment
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Depreciation - leasehold improvements
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Profit/loss on sale of tangible assets
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Page 20
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Clinicology Ltd.
Schedule to the detailed accounts
For the year ended 31 December 2025
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Other interest - on overdue tax
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Page 21
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