Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized in the company’s balance sheet when the company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
1. Classification:
The company classifies its financial assets into the following categories: amortized cost, fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), or fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). The classification depends on the business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset.
Initial Recognition and Measurement:
Financial assets are initially measured at transaction price (including transaction costs), except for those classified as FVTPL, which are initially measured at fair value.
Subsequent Measurement:
Amortized Cost:
Assets held for the collection of contractual cash flows and where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment.
Fair Value:
Assets held for trading or that do not meet the criteria for amortized cost are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in the income statement.
Impairment:
The company assesses on a forward-looking basis the expected credit losses (ECL) associated with its financial assets carried at amortized cost.
Derecognition:
Financial assets are derecognized only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when the company transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity.
2. Financial Liabilities
Classification and Measurement:
Financial liabilities, including trade payables and borrowings, are initially measured at fair value, net of transaction costs. Subsequently, they are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
Derecognition:
Financial liabilities are derecognized when, and only when, the company’s obligations are discharged, canceled, or they expire.
3. Offsetting
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.