The following assets and liabilities are classified as financial instruments - trade debtors, trade creditors, bank loans and directors' loans.
Bank loans are initially measured at the present value of future payments, discounted at a market rate of interest, and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Trade debtors and trade creditors are measured at the undiscounted amount of the cash or other consideration expected to be paid or received.
Financial assets that are measured at amortised cost are assessed at the end of each reporting period for objective evidence of impairment. If objective evidence of impairment is found, an impairment loss is recognised in the Statement of Income and Retained Earnings.