Basic financial instruments are recognised at amortised cost, except for investments in nonconvertible preference and non-puttable ordinary shares which are measured at fair value, with changes recognised in profit or loss. Derivative financial instruments are initially recorded at cost and thereafter at fair value with changes recognised in profit or loss.
Short term debtors are measured at transaction price (which is usually the invoice price), less any impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts. Loans and other financial assets are initially recognised at transaction price including any transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortised cost determined using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts.
Short term creditors are measured at transaction price (which is usually the invoice price). Loans and other financial liabilities are initially recognised at transaction price net of any transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortised cost determined using the effective interest method.
Investments in subsidiaries are held at historical cost.