Basic financial instruments are recognised at amortised cost, except for investments in non-convertible preference and nonputtable ordinary shares which are measured at fair value, with changes recognised in profit or loss. Derivative financial instruments are initially recorded at cost and thereafter at fair value with changes recognised in profit or loss.

Taxation for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Income Statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly to equity.

Current or deferred taxation assets and liabilities are not discounted.

Current tax is recognised at the amount of tax payable using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax arises as a result of including items of income and expenditure in taxation computations in periods different from those in which they are included in the company's accounts. Deferred tax is provided in full on timing differences which result in an obligation to pay more (or less) tax at a future date, at the average tax rates that are expected to apply when the timing differences reverse, based on current tax rates and laws.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not discounted.

The company operates a defined contribution scheme for the benefit of its employees. Contributions payable are recognised in the profit and loss account when due.