The company only enters into basic financial instrument transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like trade and other accounts receivable and payable, loans from banks and other third parties, loans to related parties and investments in non-puttable ordinary shares.
Financial assets and liabilities are recognised when the company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Basic financial assets
Basic financial assets, including trade and other receivables, cash and bank balances and investments in commercial paper, are initially measured at transaction price, unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, in which case the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.
Such assets are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method less any allowance for estimated irrecoverable amounts. A provision for irrecoverable amounts is established when there is objective evidence that the company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the original terms of the receivables. The amount of the provision is the difference between the net carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows.
Impairment of financial assets
Financial assets, other than those held at fair value through profit and loss, are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting end date.
Financial assets are impaired where there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows have been affected. If an asset is impaired, the impairment loss is the difference between the carrying amount and the present value of the estimated cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. The impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.
If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is such that the current carrying amount does not exceed what the carrying amount would have been, had the impairment not previously been recognised. The impairment reversal is recognised in profit or loss.
Classification of financial liabilities
Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities.
Basic financial liabilities
Basic financial liabilities, including trade and other payables, bank loans and overdrafts and loans from fellow group companies, are initially measured at transaction price, unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, in which case the transaction is measured at the present value of future payments discounted at a market rate of interest.
Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest method.
Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Trade payables are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities.
Derecognition of financial assets and liabilities
Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity.
Financial liabilities are derecognised when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expires.