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| 2. |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
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The following accounting policies have been applied consistently in dealing with items which are considered material in relation to the company's financial statements. |
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Statement of compliance |
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The financial statements of the company for the financial year ended 30 November 2025 have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of FRS 102 Section 1A (Small Entities) and the Companies Act 2006. |
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Basis of preparation |
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The financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis and in accordance with the historical cost convention except for certain properties and financial instruments that are measured at revalued amounts or fair values, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets. |
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Turnover |
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Turnover comprises the fair value of goods supplied by the company, exclusive of trade discounts and value added tax.
The company recognises revenue when:
The amount of revenue can be reliably measured;
it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity;
and specific criteria have been met for each of the company's activities. |
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Tangible assets and depreciation |
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Tangible assets are stated at cost or at valuation, less accumulated depreciation. Cost comprises purchase price and other directly attributable costs. The charge to depreciation is calculated to write off the original cost or valuation of tangible assets, less their estimated residual value, over their expected useful lives as follows: |
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Short leasehold property |
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No depreciation |
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Plant and machinery |
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15% Reducing balance |
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Motor vehicles |
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25% Reducing balance |
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Office Equipment |
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10% Straight line |
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The carrying values of tangible fixed assets are reviewed annually for impairment in periods if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. |
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Stocks |
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Stocks are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Stocks are determined on a first-in first-out basis. Cost comprises expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in bringing stocks to their present location and condition. Full provision is made for obsolete and slow moving items. Net realisable value comprises actual or estimated selling price (net of trade discounts) less all further costs to completion or to be incurred in marketing and selling. |
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Trade and other debtors |
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Trade debtors are amounts due from customers for services performed in the ordinary course of business.
Trade and other debtors are initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost using the effective interest method less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts except where the effect of discounting would be immaterial. In such cases the receivables are stated at cost less impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts. |
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Cash at bank and in hand |
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Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and in hand, demand deposits with banks and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and bank overdrafts. In the Balance Sheet bank overdrafts are shown within Creditors. |
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Borrowing costs |
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Interest-bearing borrowings are initially recorded at fair value, net of transaction costs. Interest-bearing borrowings are subsequently carried at amortised cost, with the difference between the proceeds, net of transaction costs, and the amount due on redemption being
recognised as a charge to the profit and loss account over the period of the relevant borrowing.
Interest expense is recognised on the basis of the effective interest method and is included in interest payable and similar charges.
Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. |
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Provisions |
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Provisions are recognised when the company has a present legal or constructive obligation arising as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the same value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognised as interest expense. |
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Trade and other creditors |
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Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Trade and other creditors are initially recognised at fair value and thereafter stated at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method, unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial, in which case they are stated at cost. |
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Employee benefits |
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The company operates a defined contribution pension scheme. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the company in an independently administered fund. |
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Taxation and deferred taxation |
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The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in profit or loss, except that a change attributable to an item of income or expense recognised as other comprehensive income is also recognised directly in other comprehensive income.
Current tax represents the amount expected to be paid or recovered in respect of taxable profits for the financial year and is calculated using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantially enacted at the Balance Sheet date. Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed at the balance sheet date where transactions or events have occurred at that date that will result in an obligation to pay more tax in the future, or a right to pay less tax in the future. Timing differences are temporary differences between the company's taxable profits and its results as stated in the financial statements.
Unrelieved tax losses and other deferred tax assets are recognised when it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits.
Deferred tax is measured on an undiscounted basis at the tax rates that are anticipated to apply in the periods in which the timing differences are expected to reverse, based on tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date. |
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Dividends |
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Dividend distribution to the company’s shareholders is recognised as a liability in the financial statements in the reporting period in which the dividends are declared. |
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Financial Instruments |
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Financial instruments are classified and accounted for according to the substance of the contracted arrangement, as either financial assets or equity instruments. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the company, after deducting all liabilities. |
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Ordinary share capital |
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Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Equity instruments are measured at the fair value of the cash or other resources received or receivable, net of the direct costs of issuing the equity instruments. If payment is deferred and the time value of money is material, the initial measurement is on a present value basis. |