Investments Investments comprise the company's investment in its subsidiary undertakings which are stated at cost less any provision for impairment. Debtors Short term debtors are measured at the transaction price, less any impairment. Loans receivable are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment. Creditors Short term trade creditors are measured at transaction price. Other financial liabilities, including bank loans, are measured initially at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Taxation Taxation for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Income Statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. Current and deferred taxation assets and liabilities are not discounted. Current tax is recognised at the amount payable using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax Deferred tax balances are recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed by the balance sheet date, except that * The recognition of deferred tax assets is limited to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits; and * Any deferred tax balances are reversed if and when all conditions for retaining associated tax allowances have been met. Deferred tax balances are not recognised in respect of permanent differences except in respect of business combinations, when deferred tax is recognised on the differences between the fair values of assets acquired and the future tax deductions available for them and the difference between the fair values of liabilities acquired and the amount that will be assessed for tax. Deferred tax is determined using the tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. Financial instruments The company only enters into basic financial instruments transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors and creditors, loans from banks and other third parties, loans to related parties and investments in non-puttable ordinary shares. Debt instruments (other than those wholly repayable or receivable within one year), including loans and other accounts receivable or payable, are initially measured at present value of the future cash flows and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Debt instruments that are payable or receivable within one year, typically trade payables or receivables, are measured initially and subsequently, at the undiscounted amount of the cash or other consideration expected to be paid or received. However if the arrangements of a short term instrument constitute a financing transaction, like the payment of a trade debt deferred beyond normal business terms or financed at a rate of interest that is not a market rate or in the case of an out-right short-term loan not at market rate, the financial asset or liability is measured, initially, at the present value of the future cash flow discounted are a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument and subsequently at amortised cost.