Caseware UK (AP4) 2025.0.111 2025.0.111 2025-12-312025-12-31truetruetrueNo description of principal activity2025-01-01truetruetruetruetruefalse00truefalse 03118854 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 03118854 2025-12-31 03118854 2024-12-31 03118854 2024-01-01 03118854 1 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 1 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 03118854 1 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director1 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director1 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director2 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director2 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director3 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director3 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director4 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director4 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director5 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Director5 2025-12-31 03118854 e:RegisteredOffice 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments 2025-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments 2024-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments 1 2025-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments 1 2024-12-31 03118854 d:Non-currentFinancialInstruments 2025-12-31 03118854 d:Non-currentFinancialInstruments 2024-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments d:WithinOneYear 2025-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments d:WithinOneYear 2024-12-31 03118854 d:UKTax 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 d:UKTax 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 03118854 d:ShareCapital 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 d:ShareCapital 2025-12-31 03118854 d:ShareCapital 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 03118854 d:ShareCapital 2024-12-31 03118854 d:ShareCapital 2024-01-01 03118854 d:SharePremium 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 d:SharePremium 2025-12-31 03118854 d:SharePremium 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 03118854 d:SharePremium 2024-12-31 03118854 d:SharePremium 2024-01-01 03118854 d:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedLosses 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 d:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedLosses 2025-12-31 03118854 d:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedLosses 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 03118854 d:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedLosses 2024-12-31 03118854 d:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedLosses 2024-01-01 03118854 d:TaxLossesCarry-forwardsDeferredTax 2025-12-31 03118854 d:TaxLossesCarry-forwardsDeferredTax 2024-12-31 03118854 e:OrdinaryShareClass1 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:OrdinaryShareClass1 2025-12-31 03118854 e:OrdinaryShareClass1 2024-12-31 03118854 e:OrdinaryShareClass2 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:OrdinaryShareClass2 2025-12-31 03118854 e:OrdinaryShareClass2 2024-12-31 03118854 e:FRS101 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:Audited 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:FullAccounts 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 e:PrivateLimitedCompanyLtd 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 2 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 6 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments 8 2025-12-31 03118854 d:CurrentFinancialInstruments 8 2024-12-31 03118854 f:PoundSterling 2025-01-01 2025-12-31 xbrli:shares iso4217:GBP xbrli:pure
Registered number: 03118854







ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 2025


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED






































 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
COMPANY INFORMATION


Directors
Naoki Kitagawa (appointed 29 August 2025)
Yoshimasa Watahiki (appointed 12 March 2026)




Registered number
03118854



Registered office
10 Triton Street
Regent's Place

London

United Kingdom

NW1 3BF




Independent auditor
Menzies LLP
Chartered Accountants & Statutory Auditor

2nd Floor, Midas House

62 Goldsworth Road

Woking

Surrey

GU21 6LQ





 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 



CONTENTS



Page
Strategic report
1
Directors' report
2 - 3
Independent auditor's report
4 - 7
Statement of comprehensive income
8
Balance sheet
9
Statement of changes in equity
10
Notes to the financial statements
11 - 36


 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
STRATEGIC REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

Introduction
 
The directors present their strategic report for the year ended 31 December 2025.

Principal activities and review of the business
 
Dentsu International Holdings Limited (“the Company”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dentsu International Limited (the “Group”) and is part of the Group’s global corporate operations.

The principal activity of the Company is to provide finance to companies and hold investments within the Group and it will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. There have not been any significant changes in the Company’s principal activities in the year under review.

Dentsu International Limited manages its operations on a divisional basis. For this reason, the Company’s directors   believe that further key performance indicators for the Company are not necessary or appropriate for an understanding of the development, performance, or position of the business. The performance of the Group’s global operations, which includes the Company, is discussed in the Group’s Annual Report which does not form part of this Report.

Principal risks and uncertainties
 
The components of financial risk are interest rate risk, currency risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and cash flow risk. Due to the nature of the Company's business and the assets and liabilities contained within the Company's balance sheet, the  financial risks the directors consider relevant to this Company are currency risk and interest rate risk.


This report was approved by the board and signed on its behalf.



................................................
Naoki Kitagawa
Director

Date: 3 September 2026

Page 1

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
DIRECTORS' REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

The directors present their report and the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025.

Directors

The directors who served during the year were:

Peter Pontidas (resigned 31 March 2025)
Arinobu Soga (appointed 31 March 2025, resigned 12 March 2026)
Stuart Jarrold (resigned 29 August 2025)
Naoki Kitagawa (appointed 29 August 2025)


Going concern

The directors continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements. Further details are set out in note 2.2 to the financial statements. 

Directors' responsibilities statement

The directors are responsible for preparing the Strategic report, the Directors' report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.
 
Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice), including Financial Reporting Standard 101 ‘Reduced Disclosure Framework’. Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and of the profit or loss of the Company for that period.

 In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:


select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

make judgments and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

state whether applicable UK Accounting Standards have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements;

prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Company and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Results and dividends

Dentsu International Holdings Limited reported a loss for the financial year ended 31 December 2025 of £72,849k (2024 - loss £75,776k).

Dividends paid during the year amounted to nil (2024 - £nil).

Page 2

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
DIRECTORS' REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

Disclosure of information to auditor

Each of the persons who are directors at the time when this Directors' report is approved has confirmed that:
 
so far as the director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Company's auditor is unaware, and

the director has taken all the steps that ought to have been taken as a director in order to be aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the Company's auditor is aware of that information.

Auditor

Under section 487(2) of the Companies Act 2006Menzies LLP will be deemed to have been reappointed as auditor 28 days after these financial statements were sent to members or 28 days after the latest date prescribed for filing the accounts with the registrar, whichever is earlier.

This report was approved by the board and signed on its behalf.
 





................................................
Naoki Kitagawa
Director

Date: 3 September 2026

Page 3

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 

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INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

Opinion


We have audited the financial statements of Dentsu International Holdings Limited (the 'Company') for the year ended 31 December 2025, which comprise the Statement of comprehensive income, the Balance sheet, the Statement of changes in equity and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policiesThe financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 101 ‘Reduced Disclosure Framework’ (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).


In our opinion the financial statements:


give a true and fair view of the state of the Company's affairs as at 31 December 2025 and of its loss for the year then ended;
have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and
have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.


Basis for opinion


We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the United Kingdom, including the Financial Reporting Council's Ethical Standard and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.


Conclusions relating to going concern


In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.


Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.


Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.


Other information


The other information comprises the information included in the Annual Report other than the financial statements and our Auditor's report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the Annual ReportOur opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.


We have nothing to report in this regard.


Page 4

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED


img21dd.png
 
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED (CONTINUED)

Opinion on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006
 

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:


the information given in the Strategic report and the Directors' report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and
the Strategic report and the Directors' report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.


Matters on which we are required to report by exception
 

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the Company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the Strategic report or the Directors' report.


We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:


adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or
the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or
certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or
we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.


Responsibilities of directors
 

As explained more fully in the Directors' responsibilities statement set out on page 2, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.


In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.


Page 5

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED


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INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED (CONTINUED)

Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements
 

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an Auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.


Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:

The Company is subject to laws and regulations that directly affect the financial statements including financial reporting legislation. We determined that the following laws and regulations were most significant including UK Companies Act, employment law, health and safety, pensions legislation and tax legislation.

We understood how the Company is complying with those legal and regulatory frameworks by making inquiries to management and those responsible for legal and compliance procedures. We assessed the extent of compliance    with these legal and compliance procedures as part of our procedures on the related financial statement items.

The engagement partner assessed whether the engagement team collectively had the appropriate competence and capabilities to identify or recognize non-compliance with laws and regulations. The assessment did not identify any issues in this area.

We assessed the susceptibility of the Company’s financial statements to material misstatement, including how fraud might occur. We identified the risk of override of controls as the area where the financial statements were most susceptible to material misstatement due to fraud. Audit procedures performed by the engagement team included:

°Identifying and assessing the design effectiveness of controls management has in place to prevent and detect fraud;
°Understanding how those charged with governance considered and addressed the potential for override of  controls or other inappropriate influence over the financial reporting process;
°Challenging assumptions and judgments made by management in its significant accounting estimates; and
°Identifying and testing journal entries, in particular any journal entries posted with unusual account combinations.

As a result of the above procedures, we considered the opportunities and incentives that may exist within the
organisation for fraud and identified the greatest potential for fraud in the following areas:
 
°The application of inappropriate judgements or estimation to manipulate the Company’s financial position;
°Posting of unusual journals and complex transactions; and
°The use of management override of controls to manipulate results, or to cause the Company to enter into transactions not in its best interests.



Because of the inherent limitations of an audit, there is a risk that we will not detect all irregularities, including those leading to a material misstatement in the financial statements or non-compliance with regulation. This risk increases the more that compliance with a law or regulation is removed from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, as we will be less likely to become aware of instances of non-compliance. The risk is also greater regarding irregularities occurring due to fraud rather than error, as fraud involves intentional concealment, forgery, collusion, omission or misrepresentation.


A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council's website at: www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our Auditor's report.


Page 6

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED


img5934.png
 
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED (CONTINUED)

Use of our report
 

This report is made solely to the Company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Company's members those matters we are required to state to them in an Auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company and the Company's members, as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.





Miriam Hanley ACA (Senior statutory auditor)
  
for and on behalf of
Menzies LLP
 
Chartered Accountants
Statutory Auditor
  
2nd Floor, Midas House
62 Goldsworth Road
Woking
Surrey
GU21 6LQ

4 September 2026
Page 7

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2025
2024
Note
£000
£000

  

Operating expenses
  
(11,598)
(2,946)

Operating loss
 6 
(11,598)
(2,946)

Dividend income
  
24,946
2,010

Interest receivable and similar income
 7 
487
4,880

Interest payable and similar charges
 8 
(91,994)
(104,275)

Profit on disposal of interest in associates
  
8
633

Loss before taxation
  
(78,151)
(99,698)

Taxation
 9 
5,302
23,922

Loss for the financial year
  
(72,849)
(75,776)

Total comprehensive income for the year
  
(72,849)
(75,776)

The notes on pages 11 to 36 form part of these financial statements.

Page 8

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
REGISTERED NUMBER:03118854



BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2025

2025
2024
Note
£000
£000

  

Fixed assets
  

Investments
 11 
1,119,765
1,080,503

  
1,119,765
1,080,503

Current assets
  

Debtors: amounts falling due within one year
 12 
34,242
55,168

Cash at bank and in hand
  
173
621

  
34,415
55,789

Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
 13 
(1,554,527)
(1,463,790)

Net current liabilities
  
 
 
(1,520,112)
 
 
(1,408,001)

  

Net liabilities
  
(400,347)
(327,498)


Capital and reserves
  

Called up share capital 
 14 
212,437
212,437

Share premium account
 14 
80,250
80,250

Profit and loss account
 14 
(693,034)
(620,185)

Shareholders’ funds
  
(400,347)
(327,498)


The financial statements were approved and authorised for issue by the board and were signed on its behalf by: 




................................................
Naoki Kitagawa
Director

Date: 3 September 2026

The notes on pages 11 to 36 form part of these financial statements.

Page 9

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 



STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025


Called up share capital
Share premium account
Profit and loss account
Total equity

£000
£000
£000
£000


At 1 January 2024
212,437
80,250
(544,409)
(251,722)



Loss for the year
-
-
(75,776)
(75,776)
Total comprehensive income for the year
-
-
(75,776)
(75,776)



At 1 January 2025
212,437
80,250
(620,185)
(327,498)



Loss for the year
-
-
(72,849)
(72,849)
Total comprehensive income for the year
-
-
(72,849)
(72,849)


At 31 December 2025
212,437
80,250
(693,034)
(400,347)


The notes on pages 11 to 36 form part of these financial statements.

Page 10

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

1.


General information

Dentsu International Holdings Limited (the “Company”) is a private company incorporated, domiciled and registered in England in the UK. The registered number is 03118854 and the registered address is 10 Triton Street, Regent's Place, London, NW1 3BF. 

The financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025 were prepared in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 101 ‘Reduced Disclosure Framework’ (FRS 101), Companies Act 2006 and applicable accounting standards. The financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention.

The Company has taken advantage of the exemption under s400 of the Companies Act 2006 not to prepare group accounts as it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dentsu Inc., a company incorporated under the laws of Japan. The results of Dentsu International Holdings Limited are included in the consolidated financial statements of Dentsu    Inc. which can be obtained from: The Secretary, Dentsu Inc., 1-8-1 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-7050.

The accounting policies which follow set out those policies which apply in preparing the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025. The financial statements are prepared in pounds sterling and are rounded to the nearest thousand pounds (£000).

2.Accounting policies

 
2.1

Basis of preparation

The Company has taken advantage of the following disclosure exemptions under FRS 101:
the requirements of paragraphs 62, B64(d), B64(e), B64(g), B64(h), B64(j) to B64(m), B64(n)(ii), B64(o)(ii), B64(p), B64(q)(ii), B66 and B67 of IFRS 3 Business Combinations;
the requirements of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments Disclosures;
the requirements of paragraphs 91-99 of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement;
the requirements of paragraphs 10(d), 10(f), 16, 38A, 38B, 38C, 38D, 40A, 40B, 40C, 40D, 111 and 134-136 of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements;
the requirements of IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows;
the requirements of paragraphs 30 and 31 of IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors;
the requirements of paragraph 17 and 18A of IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures;
the requirements in IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures to disclose related party transactions entered into between two or more members of a group, provided that any subsidiary which is a party to the transaction is wholly owned by such a member; and
the effects of new but not yet effective IFRSs.


Page 11

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.2

Going concern

The Company’s business activities, together with factors likely to affect its future development, performance and financial position and commentary on the Company’s financial results, its liquidity requirements and borrowing facilities are set out in the Strategic Report and in the accompanying Financial Statements.

In determining whether it is appropriate to continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements for 2025, the Board has considered the following factors:

The Company’s balance sheet position
The maturity profile of the Company’s borrowings, its plans for refinancing and the Company’s access to credit facilities
Funding and support provided by the Company’s parent company

Notwithstanding net current liabilities of £1,520,112k as at 31 December 2025, and a loss for the year then ended of £72,849k, the financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis which the Board considers to be appropriate. This is because the Company relies on Dentsu International Limited to provide such financial support as is required to meet its day-to-day financing requirements either directly or indirectly. The Directors have considered the ability of Dentsu International Limited to provide such financial support as might be required by the Company and accordingly have prepared the financial statements on a going concern basis.

In respect of this financial support, the Directors have considered Dentsu International Limited’s forecasts and projections used in the assessment of going concern, which incorporate the Dentsu International Limited  Board of Directors’ expectations of the impact of global macroeconomic conditions on business operations   and results, including the measures the Group has undertaken to improve operating margins and preserve cash. Significant one-off and non-operating expenditures have also been included related to existing and future acquisition activity and restructuring programmes. The forecasts have been subjected to downside scenarios representing declines in revenues, reductions in margin and deterioration of net working capital.

Dentsu International Limited itself has been provided with a letter of support from Dentsu Group Inc., which accepts responsibility of providing and undertakes to provide, sufficient financial assistance to the Company,  as and when it is required, to enable the Company to continue its operations and fulfil all of its financial obligations.

As with any company placing reliance on other Group entities for financial support, the Board acknowledges that there can be no certainty that this support will continue although, at the date of approval of these financial statements, they have no reason to believe that this support will not continue.

Consequently, the Board is confident that the Company will have sufficient funds to continue to meet its liabilities as they fall due for at least 12 months from the date of approval of the financial statements and therefore have prepared the financial statements on a going concern basis.

Page 12

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2.Accounting policies (continued)

 
2.3

Interest receivable and similar income

Interest receivable and similar income comprises interest income, fair value gains, dividend income and net foreign exchange gains that are recognised in the income statement.

Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset’s net carrying amount.

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholders’ rights to receive payment have been established.

Share of partnership gain income is the Company’s share of the profit or loss of an investment held by the Company. The Company’s share in net profit or loss before tax is recognised in the profit and loss and is offset against the investment balance.

Remeasurement gains on deferred consideration and put options, which result from the liability being less   than the amount payable are recognised as a gain within finance income.

  
2.4

Interest payable and similar charges

Interest payable and similar charges comprises interest payable and net foreign exchange losses that are recognised in the income statement. Interest payable is recognised in the income statement as it accrues, using the effective interest method.

Remeasurement losses on deferred consideration and put options, which result from the liability being greater than the amount payable, are recognised as a loss within finance expenses.

Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that takes a substantial time to be prepared for use, are capitalised as part of the cost of that asset.

Page 13

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2.Accounting policies (continued)

  
2.5

Income taxes

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities based on tax rates and laws that are enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred income tax is recognised on all temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements, with the following exceptions:

where the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss;
in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, where the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and
deferred income tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, carried forward tax credits or tax losses can be utilised.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured on an undiscounted basis at the tax rates that are expected to apply when the related asset is realised or liability is settled, based on tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.
 
Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the profit or loss for the financial year, except when it relates to items charged or credited to other comprehensive income or
directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in other comprehensive income or equity respectively.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off tax assets against tax liabilities under current legislation and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.

  
2.6

Foreign currencies

The Company’s functional currency and presentation currency is pounds sterling. Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded in the functional currency by applying the spot exchange rate ruling at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the functional currency rate of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. All differences are taken to the profit and loss account. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated.

 
2.7

Investments

Investments in associates and subsidiary undertakings are stated at cost, less impairment losses.

Investments are assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence that they  are impaired. An investment is impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the investment, and that the loss event had a negative effect on the expected future cash flows of the investment. An impairment loss is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount and  the discounted value of the expected future cash flows.

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DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2.Accounting policies (continued)

  
2.8

Financial instruments

i.) Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset (unless it is a trade receivable without a significant financing component) or financial liability  is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue. A trade receivable without a significant financing component is initially measured at the transaction price.

ii.) Financial assets

Classification and measurement of financial assets

Management determines the classification and subsequent measurement of the financial asset based on the contractual terms at the initial recognition date and is not subsequently reclassified unless the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets. The classifications and subsequent measurement include the following:

Classification as trade receivables

Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for goods sold or services performed in the ordinary course of business. Trade receivables are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Current trade receivables do not carry any interest charge. Interest may be charged on overdue balances.

Financial assets at amortised cost

The Company classifies its financial assets as measured at amortised cost only if both of the following criteria are met:

the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows, and

the contractual terms give rise to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest.

All receivables are categorised as amortised cost. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in profit or loss.

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) are initially measured at fair value, and subsequently measured at fair value with movements in fair value recorded in other comprehensive income. FVOCI comprise:

Equity securities which are not held for trading, and which the Company has irrevocably elected at initial recognition to recognise in this category. These are strategic investments and the group considers this classification to be more relevant. Dividends are recognised as income in profit or loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the investment. Other net gains and losses are being recognised in OCI and are never reclassified to profit and loss.
Page 15

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2.Accounting policies (continued)

2.8 Financial instruments (continued)

ii.) Financial assets (continued)

Debt securities where the contractual cash flows are solely principal and interest on specified dates, and the objective of the Group’s business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets. Interest income calculated using the effective interest method, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI. On derecognition, gains and losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to profit or loss.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

The Group classifies the following financial assets and derivative financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL):

debt investments that do not qualify for measurement at either amortised cost or FVOCI
equity investments that are held for trading, and
equity investments for which the entity has not elected to recognise fair value gains and losses through OCI.

Financial assets carried at FVPL are initially recorded at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in profit or loss.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company considers evidence of impairment for these assets at both an individual asset and a collective level at each reporting date. All individually significant assets are individually assessed for impairment. Those found not to be impaired are then collectively assessed for any impairment that has been incurred but not yet individually identified.

The Company applies the simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade and other receivables. The Company uses the simplified provision matrix approach to calculate its expected credit losses taking into account various factors including the ageing of receivables, the credit rating of customers, market risk and any relevant credit enhancements.

Offsetting of balances within financial assets

In line with IAS 32, the Company has a legally enforceable right, and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, through signed legal agreements, to offset cash deposits and overdrafts that are in cash-pool arrangements with relationship banks. The Company does not offset other financial assets and liabilities   where there is no legally enforceable right to do so.

iii.) Financial liabilities and equity

Classification and measurement

Management determines the classification of its financial liabilities as either debt or equity at initial recognition according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. All financial liabilities are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVPL. The classifications include the following:
Page 16

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2.Accounting policies (continued)

2.8 Financial instruments (continued)

iii.) Financial liabilities and equity (continued)

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) are either designated in this category; or they are held for trading, such as an obligation for securities borrowed in a short sale which are required to be returned in the future. Derivatives are also categorised as ‘held for trading’ unless they are designated as hedges. Subsequent to initial recognition, financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in profit or loss.

Other financial liabilities measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method

Other financial liabilities measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method are non-derivative financial liabilities which are not designated on initial recognition as liabilities at fair value through profit or loss. Any subsequent interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in profit or loss.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Ordinary shares are classified as equity instruments. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recorded at the value of proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

Derivative financial instruments

The Company’s activities expose it to certain financial risks including changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. The Company uses foreign exchange forward contracts and interest rate swap contracts to hedge these exposures where they are considered to be significant. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

Derivative financial instruments are held at fair value at the balance sheet date. A derivative with a positive fair value is recognised as a financial asset whereas a derivative with a negative fair value is recognised as a financial liability.

A derivative is presented as a non-current asset or a non-current liability if the remaining maturity of the instrument is more than 12 months and it is not expected to be realised or settled within 12 months. Other derivatives are presented as current assets or current liabilities.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that are designated and effective as cash flow hedges, are recognised directly in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the income statement. Amounts deferred in this way are recognised in the income statement in the same period in which the hedged firm commitments or forecast transactions are recognised in the income statement.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the income statement as they arise. Although hedge accounting does not apply in these instances, the changes in the fair value may result in a natural hedge.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that point in time, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in other comprehensive income is retained until the forecast transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income is transferred to the income statement.
Page 17

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

2.Accounting policies (continued)

2.8 Financial instruments (continued)

iii.) Financial liabilities and equity (continued)

Intra-group financial instruments

Where the Company enters into financial guarantee contracts to guarantee the indebtedness of other companies within its group, the Company considers these to be insurance arrangements and accounts for them as such. In this respect, the Company treats the guarantee contract as a contingent liability until such time as it becomes probable that the Company will be required to make a payment under the guarantee.

  
2.9

Deferred consideration in respect of acquisitions

The entity determines the amount of deferred consideration to be recognised according to the formulae agreed at time of acquisition, normally related to the future earnings of the acquired entity. Estimates of the expected future earnings of the acquired entity therefore affect the valuation of deferred consideration.

Key areas of judgement in calculating the carrying value of deferred consideration are the expected future cash flows of the acquired entity and the discount rate.


3.


Key accounting estimates and judgements

Impairment of investments in subsidiary, associates and joint venture

In determining whether an impairment loss has arisen on investment in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, the Company makes judgements over the discounted value of the expected future cash flows. The Company makes estimates of forecasted cash flows, discount rates to derive a net present value of these cash flows and long term growth rates applicable to every investment. Key areas of judgement include the forecasted revenue growth and operating margins, as well as the determination of the long-term growth rate applicable to each investment.


4.


Auditor's remuneration

The auditor fees payable for the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025 were £10k (2024 – £9k). This was borne by Dentsu International Limited.


5.


Directors’ remuneration and employees

The Company had no employees during the current or prior year.

Remuneration for directors of the Company is disclosed in note 7 of the financial statements of   Dentsu International Limited. It is paid by the Dentsu International Limited parent entity. The amount that relates to Dentsu International Holdings Limited has not been disclosed on the basis that management are unable to make a reasonable apportionment of the total remuneration that relates to qualifying services provided by the directors to the Dentsu International Holdings Limited entity.

Page 18

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

6.


Operating loss

The operating loss is stated after charging:

2025
2024
£000
£000

Impairment loss
11,555
2,486

Administrative expenses
43
460


7.


Interest receivable and similar income

2025
2024
£000
£000


Interest receivable from group companies
42
35

Change in fair value of investment
445
524

Net foreign exchange gain
-
149

Non-underlying items
-
4,172

487
4,880


8.


Interest payable and similar charges

2025
2024
£000
£000


Interest paid to other Group undertakings
90,781
103,551

Interest on hedging instruments
947
724

Net foreign exchange loss
266
-

91,994
104,275


9.


Taxation


2025
2024
£000
£000

Corporation tax


Current tax on profits for the year
(3,675)
(23,922)

Adjustments in respect of previous periods
(1,627)
-


(5,302)
(23,922)


Total current tax
(5,302)
(23,922)
Page 19

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
 
9.Taxation (continued)


Factors affecting tax charge for the year

The tax assessed for the year is higher than (2024 - higher than) the standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of 25% (2024 - 25%). The differences are explained below:

2025
2024
£000
£000


Loss on ordinary activities before tax
(78,151)
(99,698)


Loss on ordinary activities multiplied by standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of 25% (2024 - 25%)
(19,538)
(24,924)

Effects of:


Expenses not deductible for tax purposes
3,441
1,168

Tax losses previously recognised
-
229

Prior year adjustments
(1,627)
(3)

Income not assessable for tax purposes
(5,698)
(1,601)

Losses carried forward not provided against
18,120
1,125

Withholding tax written-off
-
84

Total tax credit for the year
(5,302)
(23,922)


Factors that may affect future tax charges

There were no factors that may affect future tax charges.



Page 20

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

10.


Deferred taxation




2025
2024


£000

£000






At beginning of year
1,419
1,419



At end of year
1,419
1,419

The deferred tax asset is made up as follows:

2025
2024
£000
£000


Trading losses
1,419
1,419

1,419
1,419

At 31 December 2025, the Company has a gross unrecognised deferred tax asset in respect of trading losses carried forward of £113.3m (2024: £88.6m).


11.


Investments





Investments in subsidiary undertaking
Other investments
Total

£000
£000
£000



Cost or valuation


At 1 January 2025
2,065,396
12,995
2,078,391


Additions
50,372
445
50,817



At 31 December 2025

2,115,768
13,440
2,129,208



Impairment


At 1 January 2025
997,888
-
997,888


Charge for the period
11,555
-
11,555



At 31 December 2025

1,009,443
-
1,009,443



Net book value



At 31 December 2025
1,106,325
13,440
1,119,765



At 31 December 2024
1,067,508
12,995
1,080,503

Page 21

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
At each balance sheet date, the Company assesses whether there are any investments in subsidiaries with indicators of impairment. In 2025 this resulted in £11,555k impairment (2024: £2,486k).

Details of the subsidiaries and associates in which the Company holds 20% or more of the nominal value of any class of share capital are listed in note 17.


12.


Debtors

2025
2024
£000
£000


Amounts owed by Group undertakings
3,094
2,880

Deferred tax asset
1,419
1,419

Derivative financial assets
-
10

Group relief receivable
29,720
50,753

Sales Taxation and VAT receivable
9
106

34,242
55,168



13.


Creditors:

2025
2024
£000
£000

Trade payables
-
99

Amounts due to Group undertakings
1,502,555
1,415,801

Redeemable preference shares
51,360
47,601

Derivative financial liabilities
454
90

Accrued expense
158
199

1,554,527
1,463,790


Where amounts due to Group undertakings are of a loan nature, the amounts are repayable on demand at the  Bank of England base rate +2%.

Page 22

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

14.


Share capital

2025
2024
£000
£000
Authorised



400,000,000 (2024 - 400,000,000) Authorised shares of £1.00 each
400,000
400,000

Allotted, called up and fully paid



212,437,074 (2024 - 212,437,074) Ordinary shares of £1.00 each
212,437
212,437

As of 31 December 2025 of €55,000,000, representing 55,000,000 shares is redeemable on 16 December 2027    or at any time at the option of the issuer.

Redeemable preference shares carry an entitlement to a dividend at the rate of 4.8% per annum payable on the fully paid-up amount of each preference share. The preference shares are classified as a financial liability   instrument in the Company’s financial statements.



15.


Reserves

Share premium account

Represents any premiums received on the issue of share capital. Any transaction costs associated with the issuing of shares are deducted from the share premium.


Profit and loss account

The profit and loss account reserve represents cumulative profits and losses.


16.


Contingent liabilities

The Company has entered into cross-guarantee arrangements with fellow subsidiary undertakings and granted
guarantees to National Westminster Bank in respect of the existing £20m net overdraft facility of Dentsu InternationalLimited and an additional £10m net overdraft facility of Dentsu International Treasury Limited.

The facilities were undrawn as at 31 December 2025 and at the date of signing these financial statements.

Page 23

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

17.


Post balance sheet events

Subsequent to the reporting date, and prior to the authorisation of these financial statements for issue, the Group undertook a legal entity reorganisation involving the merger and dissolution of certain subsidiaries.

These transactions are considered non-adjusting events in accordance with FRS 101 (IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period), as the conditions giving rise to the reorganisation did not exist at the reporting date. Accordingly, no adjustments have been made to the amounts recognised in these financial statements.

The principal legal entity changes completed after the reporting period are set out below. 

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Page 24

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

18.


Ultimate parent company and parent company of larger group

The Company is a subsidiary undertaking of Dentsu Group Inc. which is the ultimate parent company and controlling party. 

The largest group in which the results of the Company are consolidated is that headed by Dentsu Group Inc., 1-8-1 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-7050. No other group financial statements include the results of the Company. The consolidated financial statements of these groups are available to the public and may be obtained from: The Secretary, Dentsu Group Inc., 1-8-1 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-7050.

Page 25

 


DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025

19.


Subsidiaries and associates

The entities listed below in sections 1 and 3 are subsidiaries (held directly or indirectly) of the Company as at 31December 2025. The entities listed below in section 2 are associates (held directly or indirectly) of the Company as at 31 December 2025. The results (or the relevant proportion of the results) for all of the subsidiarieswhich are deemed to be controlled by the Company have been consolidated within the Group financial statements.

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DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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DENTSU INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
 


 
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2025
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