Recognition and measurement
The company enters into basic financial instrument transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors and creditors and loans from banks.
Debt instruments (other than those wholly repayable or receivable within one year), including loans, account receivables and payables, are initially measured at the transaction price (adjusted for transaction cost) and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Debt instruments that are payable or receivable within one year, typically trade debtors and creditors, are measured, initially and subsequently, at the undiscounted amount of the cash or other consideration expected to be paid or received. However, if the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, such as a trade debtor or creditor on extended credit terms, initial measurement is at the present value of future cash flows discounted at a market rate of interest. Subsequent measurement is at amortised cost.
Financial assets that are measured at cost and amortised cost are assessed at the end of each reporting period for objective evidence of impairment. If such evidence is identified, an impairment loss is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.
For financial assets measured at amortised cost, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate. If the financial instrument has a variable interest rate the currently effective rate under the contract is used.
For financial assets measured at cost less impairment, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an asset’s carrying amount and best estimate of the recoverable amount, which is an approximation of the amount that the company would receive for the asset if it were to be sold at the reporting date.
Financial assets and liabilities are offset, and the net amount reported in the statement of financial position when there is an enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. At present, the company has not offset any items.
Derecognition
A financial asset is derecognised only when:
- the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or are settled, or
- substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset have been transferred to another party, or
- when despite having retained some, but not substantially all, risks and rewards of ownership, control of the asset has been transferred to another party and the other party has the practical ability to sell the asset in its entirety to an unrelated third party, and is able to exercise that ability unilaterally and without needing to impose additional restrictions on the transfer. In this case, the company derecognises the asset and recognises separately any rights and obligations retained or created in the transfer.
A financial liability is derecognised when the contract that gives rise to it is settled, sold, cancelled, or expires. Where an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such as an exchange or modification, this is treated as a derecognition of the original liability, such that the difference in the respective carrying amounts together with any costs or fees incurred are recognised in profit or loss.