Taxation
Taxation for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Income Statement, except to theextent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.
Current or deferred taxation assets and liabilities are not discounted.
Current tax is recognised at the amount of tax payable using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted orsubstantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed at the balancesheet date.
Timing differences arise from the inclusion of income and expenses in tax assessments in periods different fromthose in which they are recognised in financial statements. Deferred tax is measured using tax rates and laws that
have been enacted or substantively enacted by the year end and that are expected to apply to the reversal of thetiming difference.
Unrelieved tax losses and other deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that they will
be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits.
Foreign currencies
Assets and liabilities in foreign currencies are translated into sterling at the rates of exchange ruling at the balancesheet date. Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into sterling at the rate of exchange ruling at the date oftransaction. Exchange differences are taken into account in arriving at the operating result.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and in hand.