The directors present the strategic report for the year ended 31 December 2025.

The principal activity of the Group is that of plant and truck sales and servicing.

There were no significant changes in the trading activity during the year. The directors consider that in the light of prevailing economic and market conditions, both the results for the year and the prospects for the future are satisfactory.

The Group uses various financial instruments including bank loans or overdrafts, finance leases and hire purchase agreements, cash and various items, such as trade debtors and trade creditors that arise directly from its operations. The main purpose of these financial instruments is to provide sufficient finance for the Group's operations.

Liquidity Risk

The Group seeks to manage financial risk by ensuring sufficient liquidity is available to meet foreseeable needs.

The Group policy throughout the year has been to ensure continuity of funding by matching the source of funds to the intended use of those funds, so that fixed assets are financed out of reserves and through the use of hire purchase and finance lease agreements where appropriate. Funding for significant developments, such as expenditure on buildings is secured on specific borrowings with drawdown and repayment terms that are spread over a period of years. Short-term flexibility is achieved by overdraft facilities.

Interest Rate Risk

The Group finances its operation through a mixture of retained profits, bank borrowings, hire purchase and finance lease arrangements. The Group exposure to interest rate fluctuations on its borrowings is managed through annual review of its borrowing requirements, and where appropriate, through the use of fixed or floating interest arrangements.

Credit Risk

The Group's principal financial assets are cash and debtors. The credit risk associated with cash is limited. The principal credit risk arises therefore from debtors.

In order to manage credit risk the directors assess potential customers based on a mixture of past history, credit references, and industry knowledge. Amounts owed are reviewed and followed up on a regular basis.

Price and Market Risk

As the Group does not normally make investments, price risk is considered inconsequential.

Inflation risk

Cost inflation is currently high and unpredictable and the future level of inflation remains uncertain. The Group maintains regular forecasts to ensure areas affected by cost increases are identified so mitigating action can be taken. The Group is working with customers, suppliers and employees to mitigate the impact of increasing costs.

The key performance indicator for the Group is its gross profit. This has increased from the prior year to £14,291,901 (2024: 13,832,990).

From the perspective of the Directors, the matters for consideration under section 172 of the Companies Act 2006 ("s172") have been considered to an appropriate extent by the Group. Such consideration is included in the statements set out below, noting the Directors' duty under s172 to act in good faith to promote the success of the Group for the benefit of its shareholders but having regard amongst other matters to the following:

• the likely consequences of any decision in the long term;

• the interests of the Group's employees;

• the need to foster the Group's business relationships with customers and others;

• the impact of the Group's operations on the community and the environment;

• the desirability of the group maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct; and

• the need to act fairly as between members of the Group.

For the Group, compliance is one of cornerstone values and forms the basis for all decisions and activities. It is the key to integrity in conducting business. The Directors are committed to ensuring that all business is carried out in full accordance with the law as well as internal rules and principles.

The Board of Directors of the Group, both individually and together, confirmed that they have acted in the way they consider, in good faith, would be most likely to promote success of the Group for the benefit of its members as a whole (having regard to the stakeholders and matters set out in Section 172(1) (a-f) of the Act) in the decisions taken during the year ended 31 December 2025. The following paragraphs summarise how the directors fulfil their duties:

• As the board of directors, out intention is to behave responsibly and ensure that management operate the business in a responsible manner.

• As the board of directors, we are committed to openly engage with our shareholders. It is important to us that shareholders understand our strategy and objectives, so these must be clearly communicated, feedback heard and issues or questions raised properly considered.

• As our services provided grow, our risk environment also becomes more complex. It is therefore, important that we effectively identify, evaluate, manage and mitigate the risks the Group faces. For details of our principal risks and uncertainties, please see previous paragraphs of our company strategic report.

• Our employees are vital to the services provided by the Group. We aim to be a responsible employer in our approach to the pay and benefits for our employees. For our business to succeed, we need to manage our employees' performance and develop talent while ensuring the Group operates as efficiently as possible. The health and safety of our employees is very important to us.

• In order to grow our business, we need to develop and maintain strong business relationships. We value all of our suppliers and customers.

On behalf of the board

The directors present their annual report and financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025.

The results for the year are set out on page 9.

Ordinary dividends were paid amounting to £790,000. The directors do not recommend payment of a further dividend.

No preference dividends were paid. The directors do not recommend payment of a final dividend.

The directors who held office during the year and up to the date of signature of the financial statements were as follows:

There have been no significant events affecting the Company since the year end.

Moore (N.I.) LLP were appointed as auditor to the group and in accordance with section 485 of the Companies Act 2006, a resolution proposing that they be re-appointed will be put at a General Meeting.

Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and energy efficiency action

The group is subject to the Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting Framework Regulations (“SECR”) and therefore reports financial year-ended 2025 energy consumption and greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions figures relating to gas, electricity, and transport, as well as an intensity ratio and information relating to energy efficiency actions. It should be noted the current year figures cover the 12 month period from January 2025 to December 2025.

Sales intensity ratio

We have followed the HM Government Environmental Reporting Guidelines and we have used 2025 and 2024 UK Government's GHG conversion factors for reporting. We engaged with our suppliers to obtain actual usage information for the Company.

We have chosen the metric gross global scope 1 and 2 emissions in kilograms of CO2e per £m sales revenue as this is a common business metric for our industry sector.

We have already installed solar panels on the roof of our depot in Mallusk and will review extending these to other depots depending on the actual performance of the installed units. We are currently assessing the installation of solar panels at our Garvagh site and will be assessing the cost benefit in the near future. In terms of fuel consumption, we run a total of 82 company vehicles. We are currently running a number of hybrid cars and have plans to replace existing diesel fuelled vans with electric vehicles as these become more reliable and have better mileage coverage.

The directors are responsible for preparing the annual report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

United Kingdom company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law, the directors have elected to prepare the group and parent company financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law, the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the group and parent company, and of the profit or loss of the group for that period.

In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

• select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

• make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

• state whether applicable United Kingdom Accounting Standards have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements; and

• prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the group and parent company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the group’s and parent company’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the group and parent company, and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the group and parent company, and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

The directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the company website. Legislation in the United Kingdom governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions.

So far as each person who was a director at the date of approving this report is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the auditor of the company is unaware. Additionally, the directors individually have taken all the necessary steps that they ought to have taken as directors in order to make themselves aware of all relevant audit information and to establish that the auditor of the company is aware of that information.

The Group operates a branch in the Republic of Ireland.

We have audited the financial statements of RAALSE Holdings Limited (the 'parent company') and its subsidiaries (the 'group') for the year ended 31 December 2025 which comprise the group statement of comprehensive income, the group balance sheet, the company balance sheet, the group statement of changes in equity, the company statement of changes in equity, the group statement of cash flows, the company statement of cash flows and notes to the financial statements, including significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

• give a true and fair view of the state of the group's and the parent company's affairs as at 31 December 2025 and of the group's profit for the year then ended;

• have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and

• have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the group and parent company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the group's and parent company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Other information

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report other than the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.

We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of our audit:

• The information given in the strategic report and the directors' report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and

• The strategic report and the directors' report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the group and the parent company and their environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the strategic report or the directors' report.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

• adequate accounting records have not been kept by the parent company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

• the parent company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

• certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or

• we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

As explained more fully in the directors' responsibilities statement, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the group's and parent company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the group or parent company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud, is detailed below.

The objectives of our audit in respect of fraud, are to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements due to fraud; to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the assessed risks of material misstatement due to fraud, through designing and implementing appropriate responses to those assessed risks; and to respond appropriately to instances of fraud or suspected fraud identified during the audit. However, the primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud rests with both management and those charged with governance of the company.

Based on our understanding of the company and its operating environment, we determined that the most significant frameworks which have a direct impact on the preparation of the financial statements are those related to the reporting framework (FRS 102 and the Companies Act 2006) and the relevant tax compliance regulations. Compliance with these laws and regulations was assessed as part of our procedures.

Other laws and regulations of which non-compliance may have a material effect on the financial statements, e.g. through fines or litigation, were identified as regulations in relation to data protection legislation, UK tax regulations and employment law regulations. Our required procedures in these areas are limited to inquiry of directors and other management and inspection of any regulatory or legal correspondence. These limited procedures did not identify any actual or suspected non-compliance.

We assessed the susceptibility of the company's financial statements to material misstatement, including how fraud might occur, including evaluating management's incentives and opportunities to manage earnings or influence the reported results. From the results of our assessment, we determined that the principal risk of fraud related to posting inappropriate journal entries and processing of inappropriate payments. In common with all audits under ISAs (UK), we are required to perform specific procedures to respond to the risk of management override.

As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs (UK) we exercise professional judgement and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. Audit procedures performed by the engagement team included:

• We obtained an understanding of the company's internal control systems in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purposes of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the company's internal control.

• We obtained an understanding of how the company complies with relevant laws and regulations, by making enquiries of management and those charged with governance.

• Enquiry of management, those charged with governance and the entity’s solicitors around actual and potential litigation and claims.

• Enquiry of entity staff to identify any instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations.

• Performing analytical procedures to identify any unusual or unexpected relationships that may indicate risks of material misstatement due to fraud

• Reviewing minutes of directors meetings

• Reviewing financial statement disclosures and testing to supporting documentation to assess compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

• We test the completeness of sales to address the risk of fraud in revenue recognition.

• We test the valuation of the company's software development intangible asset to address the risk of bias in management's assessment of capitalised development expenditure meeting the recognition criteria, and in respect of the useful life over which costs are amortised.

• Auditing the risk of management override of controls, including through testing journal entries and other adjustments for appropriateness, and evaluating the business rationale of significant transactions that are unusual or outside the normal course of business.

• Auditing the risk of fraud through inappropriate payments by checking for a sample that payments were appropriately authorised, made to a legitimate supplier and had a legitimate business purpose.

We communicated relevant laws and regulations and potential fraud risks to all engagement team members, and remained alert to any indications of fraud or non-compliance with laws and regulations throughout the audit.

There are inherent limitations in the audit procedures described above and the further removed non-compliance with laws and regulations is from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, the less likely we would become aware of it. Also, the risk of not detecting a material misstatement due to fraud is higher than the risk of not detecting one resulting from error, as fraud may involve deliberate concealment through collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations or the override of internal control.

A further description of our responsibilities is available on the Financial Reporting Council’s website at: https://www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our auditor's report.

Use of our report

This report is made solely to the parent company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the parent company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the parent company and the parent company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

As permitted by section 408 of the Companies Act 2006, the company has not presented its own profit and loss account and related notes. The company’s profit for the year was £790,000 (2024 - £587,113 profit).

RAALSE Holdings Limited (“the company”) is a private limited company domiciled and incorporated in Northern Ireland. The registered office is 6-10 Killyvally Road, Garvagh, Londonderry, BT515JZ.

The group consists of RAALSE Holdings Limited and all of its subsidiaries.

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with FRS 102 “The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland” (“FRS 102”) and the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

The financial statements are prepared in sterling, which is the functional currency of the company. Monetary amounts in these financial statements are rounded to the nearest £.

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, modified to include the revaluation of freehold properties and to include investment properties and certain financial instruments at fair value. The principal accounting policies adopted are set out below.

In the parent company financial statements, the cost of a business combination is the fair value at the acquisition date of the assets given, equity instruments issued and liabilities incurred or assumed, plus costs directly attributable to the business combination. The excess of the cost of a business combination over the fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired is recognised as goodwill. The cost of the combination includes the estimated amount of contingent consideration that is probable and can be measured reliably, and is adjusted for changes in contingent consideration after the acquisition date. Provisional fair values recognised for business combinations in previous periods are adjusted retrospectively for final fair values determined in the 12 months following the acquisition date. Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are accounted for at cost less impairment.

Deferred tax is recognised on differences between the value of assets (other than goodwill) and liabilities recognised in a business combination accounted for using the purchase method and the amounts that can be deducted or assessed for tax, considering the manner in which the carrying amount of the asset or liability is expected to be recovered or settled. The deferred tax recognised is adjusted against goodwill or negative goodwill.

The consolidated group financial statements consist of the financial statements of the parent company RAALSE Holdings Limited together with all entities controlled by the parent company (its subsidiaries) and the group’s share of its interests in joint ventures and associates.

All financial statements are made up to 31 December 2025. Where necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring the accounting policies used into line with those used by other members of the group.

All intra-group transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated on consolidation. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred.

Subsidiaries are consolidated in the group’s financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases.

At the time of approving the financial statements, the directors have a reasonable expectation that the group and parent company have adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Thus the directors continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements.

Revenue is primarily generated by the company from plant and truck sales and servicing. Revenue is also generated from the hire of plant and truck equipment.

Turnover is recognised at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for goods and services provided in the normal course of business, and is shown net of VAT and other sales related taxes. The fair value of consideration takes into account trade discounts and settlement discounts.

The group recognises revenue from the following major sources:

• Plant and truck sales

• Plant and truck servicing

• Hire of plant and truck equipment

The nature, timing of satisfaction of performance obligations and significant payment terms of the group's major sources of revenue are as follows:

Revenue from plant and truck sales is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the buyer, the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

Transfers of risks and rewards usually occurs when the product is delivered to the customer.

Revenue from plant and truck servicing is recognised by when the service has been provided and all contractual obligations have been satisfied.

Revenue from hire of plant and truck equipment is recognised on a straight-line basis over the hire period, in accordance with the terms of the hire agreement.

Research expenditure is written off against profits in the year in which it is incurred. Identifiable development expenditure is capitalised to the extent that the technical, commercial and financial feasibility can be demonstrated.

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquisition of a business over the fair value of net assets acquired. It is initially recognised as an asset at cost and is subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill is considered to have a finite useful life and is amortised on a systematic basis over its expected life, which is 10 years.

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to the cash-generating units expected to benefit from the acquisition. Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit.

Directly attributable costs incurred in the development of identifiable software products controlled by the company are capitalised as intangible assets where it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the company and the costs can be measured reliably. Capitalised costs include directly attributable employee costs. Research expenditure and expenditure that does not meet the capitalisation criteria is charged to the profit and loss account as incurred.

Amortisation is recognised so as to write off the cost or valuation of assets less their residual values over their useful lives on the following bases:

Tangible fixed assets are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost or valuation, net of depreciation and any impairment losses.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost or valuation of assets less their residual values over their useful lives on the following bases:

The gain or loss arising on the disposal of an asset is determined as the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the asset, and is recognised in the profit and loss account.

Equity investments are measured at fair value through profit or loss, except for those equity investments that are not publicly traded and whose fair value cannot otherwise be measured reliably, which are recognised at cost less impairment until a reliable measure of fair value becomes available.

In the parent company financial statements, investments in subsidiaries, associates and jointly controlled entities are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses.

A subsidiary is an entity controlled by the group. Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities.

At each reporting period end date, the group reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. The carrying amount of the investments accounted for using the equity method is tested for impairment as a single asset. Any goodwill included in the carrying amount of the investment is not tested separately for impairment.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted. If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.

Recognised impairment losses are reversed if, and only if, the reasons for the impairment loss have ceased to apply. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.

Stocks are stated at the lower of cost and estimated selling price less costs to complete and sell. Cost comprises direct materials and, where applicable, direct labour costs and those overheads that have been incurred in bringing the stocks to their present location and condition.

At each reporting date, an assessment is made for impairment. Any excess of the carrying amount of stocks over its estimated selling price less costs to complete and sell is recognised as an impairment loss in profit or loss. Reversals of impairment losses are also recognised in profit or loss.

Cash and cash equivalents are basic financial assets and include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.

The group has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments’ and Section 12 ‘Other Financial Instruments Issues’ of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.

Financial instruments are recognised in the group's balance sheet when the group becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amounts presented in the financial statements when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Basic financial assets, which include debtors and cash and bank balances, are initially measured at transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial assets classified as receivable within one year are not amortised.

Financial assets, other than those held at fair value through profit and loss, are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting end date.

Financial assets are impaired where there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows have been affected. If an asset is impaired, the impairment loss is the difference between the carrying amount and the present value of the estimated cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. The impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.

If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is such that the current carrying amount does not exceed what the carrying amount would have been, had the impairment not previously been recognised. The impairment reversal is recognised in profit or loss.

Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or are settled, or when the group transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity, or if some significant risks and rewards of ownership are retained but control of the asset has transferred to another party that is able to sell the asset in its entirety to an unrelated third party.

Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the group after deducting all of its liabilities.

Basic financial liabilities, including creditors, bank loans, loans from fellow group companies and preference shares that are classified as debt, are initially recognised at transaction price unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the future payments discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial liabilities classified as payable within one year are not amortised.

Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.

Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Amounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are recognised initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Financial liabilities are derecognised when the group's contractual obligations expire or are discharged or cancelled.

Equity instruments issued by the group are recorded at the proceeds received, net of transaction costs. Dividends payable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the discretion of the group.

The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the profit and loss account because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The group’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting end date.

Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all timing differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the timing difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the profit and loss account, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if, and only if, there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.

Provisions are recognised when the group has a legal or constructive present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that the group will be required to settle that obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting end date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. Where the effect of the time value of money is material, the amount expected to be required to settle the obligation is recognised at present value. When a provision is measured at present value, the unwinding of the discount is recognised as a finance cost in profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be recognised as part of the cost of stock or fixed assets.

The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee’s services are received.

Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.

Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are charged as an expense as they fall due.

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessees. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Assets held under finance leases are recognised as assets at the lower of the assets fair value at the date of inception and the present value of the minimum lease payments. The related liability is included in the balance sheet as a finance lease obligation. Lease payments are treated as consisting of capital and interest elements. The interest is charged to profit or loss so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.

Rentals payable under operating leases, including any lease incentives received, are charged to profit or loss on a straight line basis over the term of the relevant lease except where another more systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the leased asset are consumed.

When the group acts as a lessor, a lease is classified as a finance lease whenever it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee, either at the end of the lease term or for the major part of the economic life of the asset. All other leases are classified as operating leases. If an arrangement contains both lease and non-lease components, the group allocates the consideration in the contract to the two elements.

Rental income from operating leases is recognised on a straight line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised on a straight line basis over the lease term.

Transactions in currencies other than pounds sterling are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At each reporting end date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the reporting end date. Gains and losses arising on translation in the period are included in profit or loss.

Foreign exchange gains and losses recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity within the foreign currency translation reserve include translation differences arising on non-monetary assets of the company's foreign branch, where those assets form part of the net investment in the foreign operation and are translated from the branch’s functional currency into sterling at the reporting date.

In the application of the group’s accounting policies, the directors are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised where the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods where the revision affects both current and future periods.

The estimates and assumptions which have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities are as follows.

The annual depreciation and amortisation charge depends primarily on the estimated lives of each type of asset and, in certain circumstances, estimates of fair values and residual values. The directors annually review these asset lives and adjust them as necessary to reflect current thinking on remaining lives in light of technological change, prospective economic utilisation and physical condition of the assets concerned. Changes in asset lives can have significant impact on depreciation and amortisation charges for the period. It is not practical to quantify the impact of changes in asset lives on an overall basis, as asset lives are individually determined, and there are a significant number of asset lives in use. The impact of any change would vary significantly depending on the individual changes in assets and the classes of assets impacted. Depreciation amounted to £829,075 (2024: £761,107) and amortisation amounted to £87,271 (2024: £87,271).

The Group maintains provisions for impaired accounts at a level considered adequate to provide for probable uncollectible trade/group debtors. The level of this provision is regularly evaluated and normally consists of past due accounts that are neither subject of ongoing negotiations with management to revise payment schedules nor secured with any collateral. The Group considers trade account balances aged over ninety (90) days as past due. The provision for specific bad debt against trade debtors for the year amounted to £118,769 (2024: £117,406).

Management estimates the net realisable values of stocks, taking into account the most reliable evidence available at each reporting date. The future realisation of these inventories may be affected by future technology or other market-driven changes that may reduce future selling prices. The stock provision during the year amounted to £762,941 (2024: £706,139).

At each reporting date, fixed assets are reviewed to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If there is an indication of possible impairment, the recoverable amount of any affected asset is estimated and compared with its carrying amount. If the estimated recoverable amount is lower, the carrying amount is reduced to its estimated recoverable amount, and an impairment loss is recognised immediately in Statement of comprehensive income. If an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but not in excess of the amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in Statement of comprehensive income.

No analysis of turnover by geographical market is presented as the directors consider such disclosure to be prejudicial to the interests of the company.

The average monthly number of persons (including directors) employed by the group and company during the year was:

Their aggregate remuneration comprised:

During the year retirement benefits were accruing to 3 directors (2024 - 3) in respect of defined contribution pension schemes.

The actual charge for the year can be reconciled to the expected charge for the year based on the profit or loss and the standard rate of tax as follows:

Software development expenditure relates to IT development and is amortised from the date assets are ready for use.

Included within tangible fixed assets are assets held under finance leases or hire purchase contracts, as follows:

Details of the company's subsidiaries at 31 December 2025 are as follows:

The bank loans and overdrafts are secured by:

• A debenture over all the assets and undertakings of the borrower;

• A first legal charge in favour of the bank over the property at 19 Michelin Road, Mallusk, BT36 4PT;

• A cross company guarantee between the group companies, collateralised by debentures over the assets and undertakings over the non-dormant companies.

The sales invoice agreement is secured by:

• A debenture over all the assets and undertakings of the borrower;

• A first legal charge in favour of the bank over the property at 19 Michelin Road, Mallusk, BT36 4PT;

• A cross company guarantee between the group companies, collateralised by debentures over the assets and undertakings over the non-dormant companies.

Finance lease payments represent rentals payable by the group for certain items of motor vehicles. Leases include purchase options at the end of the lease period, and no restrictions are placed on the use of the assets. All leases are on a fixed repayment basis and no arrangements have been entered into for contingent rental payments.

The following are the major deferred tax liabilities and assets recognised by the group and company:

The deferred tax liability expected to reverse within 12 months is £147,116 and relates to accelerated capital allowances that are expected to mature within the same period.

A defined contribution pension scheme is operated for all qualifying employees. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the group in an independently administered fund.

The capital redemption reserve represents amounts transferred from the profit and loss account on the redemption of share capital.

The foreign currency translation reserve represents exchange differences arising on the translation of the company's foreign branch from its functional currency into sterling, being the functional currency of the head office and company. The reserve includes translation differences arising on the branch's non-monetary assets and liabilities, which are translated at the closing exchange rate at the reporting date. Movements in the reserve are recognised in other comprehensive income.

At the reporting end date the group had outstanding commitments for future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases, which fall due as follows:

Key management personnel is considered to be the directors of the Group. Details of directors' remuneration are disclosed at note 7.

The Group and Company have taken advantage of the exemption given in FRS102, section 33. This exemption permits non-disclosure of related party transactions between entities that are controlled within the RAALSE Holdings Limited group.

Dividends totalling £790,000 (2024 - £1,180,000) were paid in the year in respect of shares held by the company's directors.

Transactions with the directors during the year and amounts owing to the directors at the year end are as follows:

The directors consider that RAALSE Holdings Limited is under the control of Mr Doherty and Mr Espie acting in unison by virtue of their shareholding.