The following assets and liabilities are classified as financial instruments – trade debtors, trade creditors, bank
loans, amounts owed to group undertakings and directors’ loans.
Bank loans are initially measured at the present value of future payments, discounted at a market rate of
interest, and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Amounts owed to group undertakings and directors’ loans (being repayable on demand), trade debtors and trade
creditors are measured at the undiscounted amount of the cash or other consideration expected to be paid or
received.
Financial assets that are measured at amortised cost are assessed at the end of each reporting period for
objective evidence of impairment. If objective evidence of impairment is found, an impairment loss is recognised
in the Statement of Income and Retained Earnings.