Trade and other debtors / creditors
Trade and other debtors are recognised initially at transaction prices less attributable transaction costs. Trade and other creditors are recognised initially at transaction price plus attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition they are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses in the case of trade debtors. If the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, for example if payment is deferred beyond normal business terms, then it is measured at the present value of future payments discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument.
Investments
Investments in subsidiaries are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. The investments are assessed for impairment at each reporting date and any impairment losses or reversals of impairment losses are recognised immediately in profit or loss.
Listed investments are initially recognised at transaction price, including any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, listed investments are measured at fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognised in the profit and loss account.
Fair value is determined by reference to the quoted market price at the balance sheet date. Where a reliable market price is not available, fair value is determined using valuation techniques appropriate to the instrument.
Dividends and other investment income are recognised in profit or loss when the company’s right to receive payment is established.
Impairment of financial assets
Financial assets that are measured at cost and amortised cost are assessed at the end of each reporting period for objective evidence of impairment. If objective evidence of impairment is found an impairment loss is recognised within profit or loss.
For financial assets that are measured at amortised cost, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate.
For financial assets measured at cost less impairment, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the best estimate of the amount that the company would receive for the asset if it were to be sold at the balance sheet date.