Investments in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures are measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Other investments in equity instruments that are publicly traded are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognised in the income statement. Other investments in equity instruments that are not publicly traded are measured at fair value unless this cannot be measured reliably, in which case they are measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses.

Short term debtors are measured at transaction price (which is usually the invoice price), less any impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts. Loans and other financial assets are initially recognised at transaction price including any transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortised cost determined using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses for bad and doubtful debts.

Short term creditors are measured at transaction price (which is usually the invoice price). Loans and other financial liabilities are initially recognised at transaction price net of any transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortised cost determined using the effective interest method.

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new ordinary shares or options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.