The company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments’ of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.
The company only enters into basic financial instrument transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities such as trade and other debtors and creditors, loans from banks and other third parties, and loans to related parties.
Financial instruments are recognised in the company’s balance sheet when the company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Financial assets and liabilities are offset, with the net amounts presented in the financial statements, when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Basic financial assets
Basic financial assets, which include debtors and cash and bank balances, are initially measured at transaction price including transaction costs. They are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method, unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction. In that case, the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest.
Impairment of financial assets
Financial assets measured at amortised cost are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting date. Financial assets are impaired where there is objective evidence that the estimated future cash flows have been affected as a result of one or more events that occurred after initial recognition.
The amount of impairment is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The carrying amount of the financial asset is reduced by the amount of the impairment, and the loss is recognised in profit or loss. If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount does not exceed what it would have been had the impairment not previously been recognised, and it is recognised in profit or loss.
Derecognition of financial assets
Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or are settled, or when the company transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity. Financial assets are also derecognised if the company, despite having retained some significant risks and rewards of ownership, has transferred control of the asset to another party.
Basic financial liabilities
Basic financial liabilities, including creditors, bank loans and loans from related parties, are initially recognised at transaction price, unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction. In that case, the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the future payments discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial liabilities classified as payable within one year are not amortised.
Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.
Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Amounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are recognised initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Derecognition of financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are derecognised when the company’s contractual obligations expire or are discharged or cancelled.